{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1988677395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","title":"Do points, levels and leaderboards harm intrinsic motivation?","display_name":"Do points, levels and leaderboards harm intrinsic motivation?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1988677395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","mag":"1988677395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2583008.2583017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000163896","display_name":"Elisa D. Mekler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-6703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa D. Mekler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080631961","display_name":"Florian Br\u00fchlmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-3273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Br\u00fchlmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050235442","display_name":"Klaus Opwis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0509-8070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Opwis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047046377","display_name":"Alexandre N. Tuch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH","DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre N. Tuch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Basel, Switzerland and University of Copenhagen, Denmark","University of Basel, Switzerland and University of Copenhagen, Denmark#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basel, Switzerland and University of Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255","https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basel, Switzerland and University of Copenhagen, Denmark#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":314,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"66","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.4982132911682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-motivation","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","score":0.49310919642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4763467609882355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3216778635978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.198327898979187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.4982132911682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985564149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644302","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","level":2,"score":0.49310919642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4763467609882355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3216778635978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.198327898979187}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2583008.2583017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.unibas.ch:32047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401836","display_name":"edoc (University of Basel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","host_organization_name":"University of Basel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/0f74f9c8-1c7f-4c08-a9c9-d4c6d56eeaa4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/0f74f9c8-1c7f-4c08-a9c9-d4c6d56eeaa4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mekler , E D , Br\u00fchlmann , F , Opwis , K & Tuch , A N 2013 , Do points, levels and leaderboards harm intrinsic motivation? An empirical analysis of common gamification elements . in Gamification '13 : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications . Association for Computing Machinery , pp. 66-73 , 1st International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications , Toronto , Canada , 02/10/2013 . https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/0f74f9c8-1c7f-4c08-a9c9-d4c6d56eeaa4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/do-points-levels-and-leaderboards-harm-intrinsic-motivation-an-empirical-analysis-of-common-gamification-elements(0f74f9c8-1c7f-4c08-a9c9-d4c6d56eeaa4).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mekler , E D , Br\u00fchlmann , F , Opwis , K & Tuch , A N 2013 , Do points, levels and leaderboards harm intrinsic motivation? An empirical analysis of common gamification elements . in Gamification '13 : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications . Association for Computing Machinery , pp. 66-73 , 1st International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications , Toronto , Canada , 02/10/2013 . https://doi.org/10.1145/2583008.2583017","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5629936488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PBBSP1 144196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10512124","https://openalex.org/W172077973","https://openalex.org/W640134570","https://openalex.org/W1993990584","https://openalex.org/W1994096198","https://openalex.org/W1996750234","https://openalex.org/W2003856922","https://openalex.org/W2007851141","https://openalex.org/W2023718959","https://openalex.org/W2034720644","https://openalex.org/W2035683813","https://openalex.org/W2049080106","https://openalex.org/W2057148748","https://openalex.org/W2080909714","https://openalex.org/W2088749890","https://openalex.org/W2096459062","https://openalex.org/W2121665678","https://openalex.org/W2130502454","https://openalex.org/W2134372241","https://openalex.org/W2145388941","https://openalex.org/W2169828024","https://openalex.org/W2170899200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,90,122,134],"heavily":[2],"debated":[3],"within":[4],"the":[5,22,107,114,127],"gamification":[6],"community":[7],"whether":[8],"specific":[9,140],"game":[10,28,53,117],"elements":[11,30,54,118],"may":[12,111],"actually":[13],"undermine":[14],"users'":[15,37,82],"intrinsic":[16,39,66,83,120],"motivation.":[17,67],"This":[18],"online":[19],"experiment":[20],"examined":[21],"effects":[23,115],"of":[24,51,116,129],"three":[25],"commonly":[26],"employed":[27],"design":[29],"--":[31,35],"points,":[32,72,130],"leaderboard,":[33],"levels":[34,73],"on":[36,106,119],"performance,":[38,57],"motivation,":[40],"perceived":[41,62],"autonomy":[42],"and":[43,74,99,132],"competence":[44,64],"in":[45,85,143],"an":[46],"image":[47],"annotation":[48],"task.":[49],"Implementation":[50],"these":[52],"significantly":[55],"increased":[56],"but":[58],"did":[59],"not":[60],"affect":[61],"autonomy,":[63],"or":[65],"Our":[68],"findings":[69],"suggest":[70],"that":[71,92,110,126],"leaderboards":[75,133],"by":[76],"themselves":[77],"neither":[78],"make":[79],"nor":[80],"break":[81],"motivation":[84,121],"non-game":[86,144],"contexts.":[87,145],"Instead,":[88],"it":[89,124],"assumed":[91],"they":[93],"act":[94],"as":[95],"progress":[96],"indicators,":[97],"guiding":[98],"enhancing":[100],"user":[101,141],"performance.":[102],"While":[103],"more":[104],"research":[105],"contextual":[108],"factors":[109],"potentially":[112],"mediate":[113],"required,":[123],"seems":[125],"implementation":[128],"levels,":[131],"a":[135],"viable":[136],"means":[137],"to":[138],"promote":[139],"behavior":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
