{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075831435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578726.2578772","title":"Automatic Detection of CSA Media by Multi-modal Feature Fusion for Law Enforcement Support","display_name":"Automatic Detection of CSA Media by Multi-modal Feature Fusion for Law Enforcement Support","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075831435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578726.2578772","mag":"2075831435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2578726.2578772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578726.2578772","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062746314","display_name":"Christian Schulze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-422X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034422703","display_name":"Dominik Henter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Henter","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065722787","display_name":"Damian Borth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Borth","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904182","display_name":"Andreas Dengel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Dengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9249001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"353","last_page":"360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7880533933639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pornography","display_name":"Pornography","score":0.7604964971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.6234540939331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5447718501091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5392057299613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5070047378540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5021073818206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-pornography","display_name":"Child pornography","score":0.5003359317779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4883262813091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.47922784090042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4676496684551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.4247044026851654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3520129323005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3354116678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.32726359367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3086731433868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1496725082397461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7880533933639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781301322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291","display_name":"Pornography","level":2,"score":0.7604964971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6234540939331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5447718501091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5392057299613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5070047378540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5021073818206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777154746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660567","display_name":"Child pornography","level":3,"score":0.5003359317779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4883262813091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.47922784090042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4676496684551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.4247044026851654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3520129323005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3354116678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.32726359367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3086731433868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1496725082397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2578726.2578772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2578726.2578772","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14807188","https://openalex.org/W15066456","https://openalex.org/W187037124","https://openalex.org/W1557805654","https://openalex.org/W1587328194","https://openalex.org/W1917380066","https://openalex.org/W1987688707","https://openalex.org/W2017028970","https://openalex.org/W2022588182","https://openalex.org/W2034774540","https://openalex.org/W2056983531","https://openalex.org/W2075456404","https://openalex.org/W2112397370","https://openalex.org/W2115751425","https://openalex.org/W2118938558","https://openalex.org/W2131821244","https://openalex.org/W2135176316","https://openalex.org/W2153746365","https://openalex.org/W2155117309","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2332836614","https://openalex.org/W2913475908","https://openalex.org/W4252770108","https://openalex.org/W6607624625","https://openalex.org/W6679707847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378232294","https://openalex.org/W583064430","https://openalex.org/W2901725359","https://openalex.org/W1550396431","https://openalex.org/W4210453104","https://openalex.org/W2575222082","https://openalex.org/W1997696146","https://openalex.org/W3201233292","https://openalex.org/W2183073778","https://openalex.org/W2292396048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"amounts":[2],"of":[3,27,41,54,71,93,124,133,151,161,202],"multimedia":[4],"data":[5,48],"being":[6],"made":[7],"available":[8],"and":[9,25,46,101,159,184],"shared":[10],"via":[11],"the":[12,23,38,63,121,130,149,199],"Internet":[13],"pose":[14],"an":[15,170],"increasing":[16],"problem":[17],"for":[18,143,157,182,189,198],"law":[19],"enforcement":[20],"to":[21,180,187,193],"investigate":[22],"distribution":[24],"possession":[26],"child":[28,125],"sexual":[29],"abuse":[30],"(CSA)":[31],"media.":[32,116,208],"In":[33,96],"this":[34,77],"paper":[35],"we":[36,61,79,106],"address":[37],"automatic":[39],"detection":[40,158,172],"CSA":[42,115,204],"material":[43],"in":[44,69,129],"image":[45],"video":[47],"by":[49],"multi-modal":[50,165],"feature":[51,142,166,196],"description.":[52],"Instead":[53],"analyzing":[55],"hash":[56],"sums":[57],"or":[58],"file":[59],"names,":[60],"propose":[62],"content-based":[64],"analysis":[65],"on":[66,109],"visual":[67,94],"and,":[68],"case":[70],"videos,":[72],"also":[73],"audio":[74],"features.":[75],"To":[76],"end,":[78],"apply":[80],"multiple":[81],"low":[82],"level":[83],"features":[84,153],"as":[85,87,191],"well":[86],"SentiBank,":[88],"a":[89,140],"novel":[90],"mid-level":[91],"representation":[92],"content.":[95,163],"collaboration":[97],"with":[98],"police":[99],"partners":[100],"European":[102],"cyber":[103],"crime":[104],"units,":[105],"conducted":[107],"experiments":[108],"several":[110],"datasets,":[111],"including":[112],"real":[113],"world":[114],"Our":[117],"quantitative":[118],"evaluation":[119],"reveals":[120],"challenging":[122,200],"nature":[123],"pornography":[126],"detection,":[127,139],"especially":[128],"joint":[131],"presence":[132],"non-illegal":[134],"pornographic":[135],"data,":[136],"rendering":[137],"skin":[138],"popular":[141],"detecting":[144],"pornography,":[145],"less":[146],"discriminative.":[147],"Further,":[148],"utilization":[150],"SentiBank":[152],"shows":[154],"high":[155],"potential":[156],"explainability":[160],"such":[162],"Overall,":[164],"fusion":[167],"can":[168],"achieve":[169],"improved":[171],"accuracy,":[173],"reducing":[174],"equal":[175],"error":[176],"rate":[177],"from":[178,185,206],"17%":[179],"10%":[181],"images":[183],"16%":[186],"8%":[188],"videos":[190],"compared":[192],"best":[194],"single":[195],"performance":[197],"task":[201],"classifying":[203],"content":[205],"adult":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}