{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148514989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598308","title":"Improved heuristics for solving OCL constraints using search algorithms","display_name":"Improved heuristics for solving OCL constraints using search algorithms","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148514989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598308","mag":"2148514989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2576768.2598308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598308","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076142098","display_name":"Shaukat Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9979-3519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaukat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022973455","display_name":"Muhammad Zohaib Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-5327"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zohaib Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["and SnT Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"and SnT Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052735480","display_name":"Andrea Arcuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Arcuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076142098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85876001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1231","last_page":"1238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8684993386268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7978560924530029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-constraint-language","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","score":0.5318493247032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4954942464828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4396059215068817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.41200652718544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33696144819259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20632579922676086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1352347433567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.11853682994842529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8684993386268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7978560924530029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.5318493247032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4954942464828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4396059215068817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.41200652718544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33696144819259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20632579922676086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1352347433567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.11853682994842529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2576768.2598308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598308","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15437288","https://openalex.org/W184219092","https://openalex.org/W1510802815","https://openalex.org/W1551692623","https://openalex.org/W1596127723","https://openalex.org/W2009543464","https://openalex.org/W2051783870","https://openalex.org/W2085614195","https://openalex.org/W2099106391","https://openalex.org/W2101183411","https://openalex.org/W2110337982","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2114900930","https://openalex.org/W2119284483","https://openalex.org/W2127229029","https://openalex.org/W2133390921","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2150564256","https://openalex.org/W4388727850","https://openalex.org/W6636817875","https://openalex.org/W6682512513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511392673","https://openalex.org/W2157349984","https://openalex.org/W39487940","https://openalex.org/W2374264231","https://openalex.org/W2120683664","https://openalex.org/W172234034","https://openalex.org/W1551210741","https://openalex.org/W2159246597","https://openalex.org/W2025588638","https://openalex.org/W2353872402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,105,122,143],"Object":[1],"Constraint":[2],"Language":[3,15],"(OCL)":[4],"is":[5,40,126,170],"a":[6,91,102],"standard":[7],"language":[8],"for":[9,24,46],"specifying":[10],"constraints":[11,20,39,65,166],"on":[12,128],"Unified":[13],"Modeling":[14],"(UML)":[16],"models.":[17],"specified":[19],"can":[21],"be":[22],"used":[23,97],"various":[25],"purposes":[26],"including":[27],"verification,":[28],"and":[29,90],"model-based":[30,137],"testing":[31,138],"(e.g.,":[32],"test":[33],"data":[34],"generation).":[35],"Efficiently":[36],"solving":[37],"OCL":[38,64,165],"one":[41],"of":[42,50,139,145,153,160,210],"the":[43,47,151,154,164,175,191,195,201,207],"key":[44],"requirements":[45],"practical":[48],"use":[49],"OCL.":[51],"In":[52,182],"this":[53,180],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"an":[57,129],"improvement":[58],"in":[59,158,179],"existing":[60],"heuristics":[61,73,177,193],"to":[62,117,162,167,212],"solve":[63,163,213],"using":[66,74,111,174],"search":[67,80,155],"algorithms.":[68],"We":[69,95],"evaluate":[70],"our":[71,184],"improved":[72,172],"two":[75],"empirical":[76,107,124,147],"studies":[77],"with":[78,190],"three":[79],"algorithms:":[81],"Alternating":[82],"Variable":[83],"Method":[84],"(AVM),":[85],"(1+1)":[86,188],"Evolutionary":[87],"Algorithm":[88,93],"(EA),":[89],"Genetic":[92],"(GA).":[94],"also":[96],"Random":[98],"Search":[99],"(RS)":[100],"as":[101,204],"comparison":[103],"baseline.":[104],"first":[106],"study":[108,125,132],"was":[109],"conducted":[110],"carefully":[112],"designed":[113],"artificial":[114],"problems":[115],"(constraints)":[116],"assess":[118],"each":[119],"individual":[120],"heuristics.":[121],"second":[123],"based":[127],"industrial":[130],"case":[131],"provided":[133],"by":[134],"Cisco":[135],"about":[136],"Video":[140],"Conferencing":[141],"Systems.":[142],"results":[144],"both":[146],"evaluations":[148],"reveal":[149],"that":[150,187],"effectiveness":[152],"algorithms,":[156,203],"measured":[157],"terms":[159],"time":[161],"generate":[168],"data,":[169],"significantly":[171],"when":[173],"novel":[176,192],"presented":[178],"paper.":[181],"particular,":[183],"experiments":[185],"show":[186],"EA":[189],"has":[194],"highest":[196],"success":[197],"rate":[198],"among":[199],"all":[200],"analyzed":[202],"it":[205],"requires":[206],"least":[208],"number":[209],"iterations":[211],"constraints.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
