{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146440307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598234","title":"Evolving multimodal behavior with modular neural networks in Ms. Pac-Man","display_name":"Evolving multimodal behavior with modular neural networks in Ms. Pac-Man","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146440307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598234","mag":"2146440307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2576768.2598234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078279091","display_name":"Jacob Schrum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-0515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Schrum","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020441009","display_name":"Risto Miikkulainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risto Miikkulainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078279091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9803196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"325","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.871068000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7102253437042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5550755858421326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-neural-network","display_name":"Modular neural network","score":0.5429849028587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5211165547370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47207072377204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.45895203948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.4467082619667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroevolution","display_name":"Neuroevolution","score":0.44348016381263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34044215083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33568742871284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10768690705299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10104244947433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0824689269065857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.871068000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7102253437042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5550755858421326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3504403","display_name":"Modular neural network","level":4,"score":0.5429849028587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5211165547370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47207072377204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.45895203948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4467082619667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118070581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2060528","display_name":"Neuroevolution","level":3,"score":0.44348016381263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34044215083122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33568742871284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10768690705299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10104244947433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0824689269065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2576768.2598234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2576768.2598234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:suscholar.southwestern.edu:11214/152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11214/152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2576621755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0915038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8624712425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DBI-0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337398","funder_display_name":"Division of Biological Infrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8708943339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBE-0914796","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332173","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332173","display_name":"Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7mcc28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337398","display_name":"Division of Biological Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04qn9mx93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1582046617","https://openalex.org/W1585711251","https://openalex.org/W1696690530","https://openalex.org/W1989515062","https://openalex.org/W2007365416","https://openalex.org/W2009887997","https://openalex.org/W2032584529","https://openalex.org/W2052355004","https://openalex.org/W2061719199","https://openalex.org/W2088829994","https://openalex.org/W2097856935","https://openalex.org/W2106486115","https://openalex.org/W2109968384","https://openalex.org/W2111935653","https://openalex.org/W2113653454","https://openalex.org/W2114844046","https://openalex.org/W2115899886","https://openalex.org/W2116038421","https://openalex.org/W2120946260","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2129290529","https://openalex.org/W2132990921","https://openalex.org/W2136302345","https://openalex.org/W2143147813","https://openalex.org/W2159425529","https://openalex.org/W2277396055","https://openalex.org/W2914048451","https://openalex.org/W4285184460","https://openalex.org/W4308649325","https://openalex.org/W6675452224","https://openalex.org/W6677195183","https://openalex.org/W6759229479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558201422","https://openalex.org/W2281615551","https://openalex.org/W2317332738","https://openalex.org/W2022575851","https://openalex.org/W2367028704","https://openalex.org/W794512309","https://openalex.org/W14051135","https://openalex.org/W2541635150","https://openalex.org/W575330181","https://openalex.org/W2789838507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ms.":[0,17,48],"Pac-Man":[1,18,49],"is":[2],"a":[3,55,70,84,106,110,128],"challenging":[4],"video":[5],"game":[6,53,165],"in":[7,33,39,47],"which":[8,116],"multiple":[9],"modes":[10],"of":[11,98,109,163],"behavior":[12,46],"are":[13,24,31],"required":[14],"to":[15,35,44,58,76,93,125,153],"succeed:":[16],"must":[19],"escape":[20],"ghosts":[21],"when":[22,29,92],"they":[23,30],"threats,":[25],"and":[26,91,137,169],"catch":[27],"them":[28],"edible,":[32],"addition":[34],"eating":[36],"all":[37],"pills":[38],"each":[40],"level.":[41],"Past":[42],"approaches":[43],"learning":[45],"have":[50],"treated":[51],"the":[52,133,147,160,164],"as":[54],"single":[56],"task":[57],"be":[59,101],"learned":[60,104],"using":[61,105],"monolithic":[62,143],"policy":[63],"representations.":[64],"In":[65],"contrast,":[66],"this":[67],"paper":[68],"uses":[69],"framework":[71],"called":[72,113],"Modular":[73],"Multiobjective":[74],"NEAT":[75],"evolve":[77,124],"modular":[78,135,149],"neural":[79],"networks.":[80,144],"Each":[81],"module":[82,120],"defines":[83],"separate":[85],"policy;":[86],"evolution":[87],"discovers":[88],"these":[89],"policies":[90],"use":[94],"them.":[95],"The":[96],"number":[97],"modules":[99,152],"can":[100,122],"fixed":[102,134],"or":[103],"new":[107],"version":[108],"genetic":[111],"operator,":[112],"Module":[114,138],"Mutation,":[115],"duplicates":[117],"an":[118],"existing":[119],"that":[121,156],"then":[123],"take":[126],"on":[127],"distinct":[129],"behavioral":[130],"identity.":[131],"Both":[132],"networks":[136,140,150],"Mutation":[139],"outperform":[141],"traditional":[142],"More":[145],"interestingly,":[146],"best":[148],"dedicate":[151],"critical":[154],"behaviors":[155],"do":[157],"not":[158],"follow":[159],"customary":[161],"division":[162],"into":[166],"chasing":[167],"edible":[168],"escaping":[170],"threatening":[171],"ghosts.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}