{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039854894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568270","title":"Effects of using examples on structural model comprehension: a controlled experiment","display_name":"Effects of using examples on structural model comprehension: a controlled experiment","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039854894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568270","mag":"2039854894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2568225.2568270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568270","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029719914","display_name":"Dina Zayan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dina Zayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020880402","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Antkiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Antkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066916130","display_name":"Krzysztof Czarnecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1642-1101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Czarnecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029719914"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95794199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"955","last_page":"966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7967841029167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.7321639657020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5677481889724731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.5632078647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.550591766834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-model","display_name":"Domain model","score":0.519853413105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.4968772232532501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4513392448425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.4476074278354645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4401164948940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39398691058158875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3312811255455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32401418685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.3011418581008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2775018811225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.21916380524635315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7967841029167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.7321639657020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5677481889724731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.5632078647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.550591766834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92548554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2262868","display_name":"Domain model","level":3,"score":0.519853413105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.4968772232532501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4513392448425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.4476074278354645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4401164948940277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39398691058158875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3312811255455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32401418685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3011418581008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2775018811225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.21916380524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2568225.2568270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568270","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.495.5799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.495.5799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://gsd.uwaterloo.ca/sites/default/files/2014-Zayan-Effects-of-Using-Examples-on-Structural-Model-Comprehension.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/8057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Master Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71041467","https://openalex.org/W1511267087","https://openalex.org/W1536631555","https://openalex.org/W1560729591","https://openalex.org/W1576863229","https://openalex.org/W1590462283","https://openalex.org/W1602650507","https://openalex.org/W1787500456","https://openalex.org/W1913969462","https://openalex.org/W1944652335","https://openalex.org/W1981470162","https://openalex.org/W1992602600","https://openalex.org/W1994925058","https://openalex.org/W1997164669","https://openalex.org/W2016274652","https://openalex.org/W2027429247","https://openalex.org/W2039444673","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2050340005","https://openalex.org/W2062318398","https://openalex.org/W2063042352","https://openalex.org/W2063065565","https://openalex.org/W2080525982","https://openalex.org/W2080551711","https://openalex.org/W2090309761","https://openalex.org/W2100336184","https://openalex.org/W2120787570","https://openalex.org/W2143420036","https://openalex.org/W2163851162","https://openalex.org/W2166697993","https://openalex.org/W2167736435","https://openalex.org/W2315306780","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2399424379","https://openalex.org/W2399804785","https://openalex.org/W2535042219","https://openalex.org/W4229772528","https://openalex.org/W4247064801","https://openalex.org/W6633724138","https://openalex.org/W6712668513","https://openalex.org/W7065030451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165343086","https://openalex.org/W1982222241","https://openalex.org/W2374471852","https://openalex.org/W57292850","https://openalex.org/W2100336184","https://openalex.org/W2133383826","https://openalex.org/W2144830960","https://openalex.org/W2585540956","https://openalex.org/W1585442575","https://openalex.org/W2022869446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,26,146,185],"present":[1,187],"a":[2,58,137,181],"controlled":[3],"experiment":[4,29,56],"for":[5,19,126,130,134,141],"the":[6,28,51,66,87,103,142,165,191,194,204],"empirical":[7,84],"evaluation":[8],"of":[9,53,75,86,89,124,139,144,183,193,206],"Example-Driven":[10],"Modeling":[11],"(EDM),":[12],"an":[13,122],"approach":[14],"that":[15,112,151],"systematically":[16],"uses":[17],"examples":[18,74,91,158],"model":[20,93,98,106,118,154],"comprehension":[21,107,166],"and":[22,33,38,45,69,136,175,199],"domain":[23,59,67,179],"knowledge":[24],"transfer.":[25],"conducted":[27],"with":[30,61,121,157],"26":[31],"graduate":[32],"undergraduate":[34],"students":[35],"from":[36],"electrical":[37],"computer":[39,42],"engineering":[40,47],"(ECE),":[41],"science":[43],"(CS),":[44],"software":[46],"(SE)":[48],"programs":[49],"at":[50],"University":[52],"Waterloo.":[54],"The":[55,79],"involves":[57],"model,":[60],"UML":[62,70],"class":[63],"diagrams":[64,72],"representing":[65,73],"abstractions":[68,99,119,155],"object":[71],"using":[76],"these":[77],"abstractions.":[78],"goal":[80],"is":[81,114],"to":[82,96,116],"provide":[83,147],"evidence":[85],"effects":[88],"suitable":[90],"in":[92,163,171],"comprehension,":[94],"compared":[95],"having":[97,102,117],"only,":[100,120],"by":[101],"participants":[104,152],"perform":[105],"tasks.":[108],"Our":[109],"results":[110,149],"show":[111],"EDM":[113],"superior":[115],"improvement":[123],"39%":[125],"diagram":[127],"completeness,":[128,132],"30%":[129],"questions":[131],"71%":[133],"efficiency,":[135],"reduction":[138,182],"80%":[140],"number":[143,198],"mistakes.":[145],"qualitative":[148],"showing":[150],"receiving":[153],"augmented":[156],"experienced":[159],"lower":[160],"perceived":[161,169],"difficulty":[162],"performing":[164],"tasks,":[167],"higher":[168],"confidence":[170],"their":[172,197],"tasks'":[173],"solutions,":[174],"asked":[176],"fewer":[177],"clarifying":[178],"questions,":[180],"90%.":[184],"also":[186],"participants'":[188],"feedback":[189],"regarding":[190],"usefulness":[192],"provided":[195],"examples,":[196],"types,":[200],"as":[201],"well":[202],"as,":[203],"use":[205],"partial":[207],"examples.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
