{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2144001787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2559671","title":"Personalizing robot tutors to individuals' learning differences","display_name":"Personalizing robot tutors to individuals' learning differences","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2144001787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2559671","mag":"2144001787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2559636.2559671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2559671","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080382858","display_name":"Daniel Leyzberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Leyzberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","Dept of Computer Science, Yale University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Computer Science, Yale University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021224574","display_name":"Samuel Spaulding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Spaulding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology; ,; Cambridge MA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology; ,; Cambridge MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027635705","display_name":"Brian Scassellati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-7759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Scassellati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","Dept of Computer Science, Yale University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Computer Science, Yale University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.3653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":217,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99513749,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"423","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.7966780662536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6480929851531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5568653345108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percentile","display_name":"Percentile","score":0.528326153755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5261927247047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.4427412152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.442262202501297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42164111137390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3543074131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.26392537355422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15259358286857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09768146276473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08616384863853455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.7966780662536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6480929851531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5568653345108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.528326153755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5261927247047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.4427412152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.442262202501297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42164111137390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3543074131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.26392537355422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15259358286857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09768146276473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08616384863853455}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2559636.2559671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2559671","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1900701192","https://openalex.org/W2019423009","https://openalex.org/W2026240824","https://openalex.org/W2051339053","https://openalex.org/W2070126461","https://openalex.org/W2109196208","https://openalex.org/W2126538391","https://openalex.org/W2140527237","https://openalex.org/W2145669902","https://openalex.org/W2168644205","https://openalex.org/W2170999786","https://openalex.org/W2172010324","https://openalex.org/W2184663944","https://openalex.org/W2398156266","https://openalex.org/W2543205333","https://openalex.org/W4231059339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312351362","https://openalex.org/W2362145073","https://openalex.org/W2358338760","https://openalex.org/W183073912","https://openalex.org/W3165413239","https://openalex.org/W3205513966","https://openalex.org/W2052971528","https://openalex.org/W3120459843","https://openalex.org/W4366547574","https://openalex.org/W3200191727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55,80],"education":[1],"research,":[2,58],"there":[3,60],"is":[4,61],"a":[5,71,92,123,131],"widely-cited":[6],"result":[7],"called":[8],"\"Bloom's":[9],"two":[10,40,105,110],"sigma\"":[11],"that":[12,149],"characterizes":[13],"the":[14,36,43,66,89,115],"differences":[15],"in":[16,35,136,158],"learning":[17],"outcomes":[18],"between":[19,104,138],"students":[20,33,49],"who":[21,27,50],"receive":[22,28],"one-on-one":[23],"tutoring":[24],"and":[25,78,109,140],"those":[26],"traditional":[29,52],"classroom":[30,53],"instruction.":[31,54],"Tutored":[32],"scored":[34],"95th":[37],"percentile,":[38],"or":[39,94,160],"sigmas":[41],"above":[42],"mean,":[44],"on":[45],"average,":[46],"compared":[47,103],"to":[48,74],"received":[51],"human-robot":[56,162],"interaction":[57],"however,":[59],"relatively":[62,151],"little":[63],"work":[64],"exploring":[65],"potential":[67],"benefits":[68,157],"of":[69,91],"personalizing":[70],"robot's":[72,116],"actions":[73],"an":[75],"individual's":[76],"strengths":[77],"weaknesses.":[79],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"participants":[83],"solved":[84],"grid-based":[85],"logic":[86],"puzzles":[87],"with":[88],"help":[90],"personalized":[93,111],"non-personalized":[95,106],"robot":[96],"tutor.":[97],"Participants'":[98],"puzzle":[99],"solving":[100],"times":[101],"were":[102,118],"control":[107,141],"conditions":[108,112],"(n=80).":[113],"Although":[114],"personalizations":[117,153],"less":[119],"sophisticated":[120],"than":[121],"what":[122],"human":[124],"tutor":[125],"can":[126,154],"do,":[127],"we":[128],"still":[129],"witnessed":[130],"\"one-sigma\"":[132],"improvement":[133],"(68th":[134],"percentile)":[135],"post-tests":[137],"treatment":[139],"groups.":[142],"We":[143],"present":[144],"these":[145],"results":[146],"as":[147],"evidence":[148],"even":[150],"simple":[152],"yield":[155],"significant":[156],"educational":[159],"assistive":[161],"interactions.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}