{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109268594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2557423","title":"A Survey of Digital Map Processing Techniques","display_name":"A Survey of Digital Map Processing Techniques","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109268594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2557423","mag":"2109268594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2557423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2557423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045786247","display_name":"Yao\u2010Yi Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-0130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yao-Yi Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","University of Southern California,,,Los Angeles,CA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,,,Los Angeles,CA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087645671","display_name":"Stefan Leyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9180-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Leyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089542402","display_name":"Craig A. Knoblock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801204180","display_name":"Marina Del Rey Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05wqyfz02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig A. Knoblock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045786247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":92.6745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":686,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99990812,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7066627144813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.6555382013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.6025177836418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.601990282535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5556156039237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.5205851197242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.44190821051597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-mapping","display_name":"Digital mapping","score":0.44005727767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4285547435283661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3240726590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.32004088163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22385936975479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21693062782287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12100619077682495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7066627144813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.6555382013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.6025177836418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.601990282535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5556156039237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.5205851197242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.44190821051597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.44005727767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4285547435283661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3240726590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.32004088163375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22385936975479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21693062782287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12100619077682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2557423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2557423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":148,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44717426","https://openalex.org/W75850408","https://openalex.org/W154669480","https://openalex.org/W164490827","https://openalex.org/W170239531","https://openalex.org/W203264495","https://openalex.org/W222871712","https://openalex.org/W1484326688","https://openalex.org/W1486036017","https://openalex.org/W1487878873","https://openalex.org/W1488240672","https://openalex.org/W1498098710","https://openalex.org/W1498782169","https://openalex.org/W1507688959","https://openalex.org/W1509130113","https://openalex.org/W1512468562","https://openalex.org/W1530383550","https://openalex.org/W1532608765","https://openalex.org/W1547209727","https://openalex.org/W1553205923","https://openalex.org/W1554238760","https://openalex.org/W1554598541","https://openalex.org/W1558782616","https://openalex.org/W1565784015","https://openalex.org/W1566687232","https://openalex.org/W1567601724","https://openalex.org/W1569538833","https://openalex.org/W1570513731","https://openalex.org/W1573613818","https://openalex.org/W1587230741","https://openalex.org/W1594134533","https://openalex.org/W1608701134","https://openalex.org/W1636781679","https://openalex.org/W1722606303","https://openalex.org/W1869774074","https://openalex.org/W1873435826","https://openalex.org/W1908493097","https://openalex.org/W1954393692","https://openalex.org/W1967536762","https://openalex.org/W1967598399","https://openalex.org/W1968778246","https://openalex.org/W1969555295","https://openalex.org/W1970407873","https://openalex.org/W1970800786","https://openalex.org/W1972544340","https://openalex.org/W1975308162","https://openalex.org/W1976781277","https://openalex.org/W1977953768","https://openalex.org/W1979474835","https://openalex.org/W1984759301","https://openalex.org/W1985010521","https://openalex.org/W1987799886","https://openalex.org/W1993354618","https://openalex.org/W1996157598","https://openalex.org/W1997762916","https://openalex.org/W2003012295","https://openalex.org/W2004775267","https://openalex.org/W2005628966","https://openalex.org/W2011153188","https://openalex.org/W2011469476","https://openalex.org/W2011822573","https://openalex.org/W2013852177","https://openalex.org/W2015951211","https://openalex.org/W2017962986","https://openalex.org/W2019133069","https://openalex.org/W2019492366","https://openalex.org/W2026480535","https://openalex.org/W2031009882","https://openalex.org/W2032937463","https://openalex.org/W2033849769","https://openalex.org/W2034650231","https://openalex.org/W2035612419","https://openalex.org/W2038191660","https://openalex.org/W2043996567","https://openalex.org/W2048239613","https://openalex.org/W2049069062","https://openalex.org/W2051784446","https://openalex.org/W2057912161","https://openalex.org/W2058386549","https://openalex.org/W2061402707","https://openalex.org/W2064369665","https://openalex.org/W2065507241","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2069825956","https://openalex.org/W2070594911","https://openalex.org/W2070828593","https://openalex.org/W2079525773","https://openalex.org/W2080917368","https://openalex.org/W2081424196","https://openalex.org/W2085638554","https://openalex.org/W2088626697","https://openalex.org/W2091111853","https://openalex.org/W2095600565","https://openalex.org/W2095905764","https://openalex.org/W2096038709","https://openalex.org/W2098342462","https://openalex.org/W2098347925","https://openalex.org/W2102007124","https://openalex.org/W2107776817","https://openalex.org/W2109239905","https://openalex.org/W2113367493","https://openalex.org/W2115975414","https://openalex.org/W2116267952","https://openalex.org/W2117349184","https://openalex.org/W2118030626","https://openalex.org/W2118311394","https://openalex.org/W2121352110","https://openalex.org/W2124537036","https://openalex.org/W2126038163","https://openalex.org/W2126841487","https://openalex.org/W2126969152","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2130584393","https://openalex.org/W2130594731","https://openalex.org/W2132527938","https://openalex.org/W2134241615","https://openalex.org/W2136704614","https://openalex.org/W2139286803","https://openalex.org/W2139737352","https://openalex.org/W2141268222","https://openalex.org/W2145393847","https://openalex.org/W2147844621","https://openalex.org/W2148552859","https://openalex.org/W2155368608","https://openalex.org/W2159882774","https://openalex.org/W2160803144","https://openalex.org/W2160811220","https://openalex.org/W2167646137","https://openalex.org/W2168353136","https://openalex.org/W2170289453","https://openalex.org/W2171287480","https://openalex.org/W2171342205","https://openalex.org/W2171678033","https://openalex.org/W2340480757","https://openalex.org/W2491179239","https://openalex.org/W2492878132","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2599337667","https://openalex.org/W2914259777","https://openalex.org/W3081727571","https://openalex.org/W3137522703","https://openalex.org/W3143835353","https://openalex.org/W4210631351","https://openalex.org/W4231579676","https://openalex.org/W4247730918","https://openalex.org/W4256300792","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300069440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412470376","https://openalex.org/W2964093098","https://openalex.org/W2963447316","https://openalex.org/W607403552","https://openalex.org/W588192447","https://openalex.org/W2326465914","https://openalex.org/W4214909446","https://openalex.org/W2177788941","https://openalex.org/W2010264491","https://openalex.org/W2003014322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maps":[0],"depict":[1],"natural":[2],"and":[3,15,60,76,87,115,134,178,194,200],"human-induced":[4],"changes":[5],"on":[6,81],"earth":[7,33],"at":[8],"a":[9,69,119,144,155],"fine":[10],"resolution":[11],"for":[12,84],"large":[13],"areas":[14],"over":[16],"long":[17],"periods":[18],"of":[19,48,71,89,95,147,158,165,173],"time.":[20],"In":[21,39],"addition,":[22],"maps\u2014especially":[23],"historical":[24],"maps\u2014are":[25],"often":[26],"the":[27,32,64,85,130,171,176,188],"only":[28],"information":[29,108],"source":[30],"about":[31],"as":[34,154],"surveyed":[35],"using":[36],"geodetic":[37],"techniques.":[38],"order":[40],"to":[41,186,195],"preserve":[42],"these":[43],"unique":[44],"documents,":[45],"increasing":[46],"numbers":[47],"digital":[49],"map":[50,98,104,138,167],"archives":[51],"have":[52,78,191],"been":[53,79,192],"established,":[54],"driven":[55],"by":[56],"advances":[57,189],"in":[58,113,118,129,149,182],"software":[59],"hardware":[61],"technologies.":[62],"Since":[63],"early":[65],"1980s,":[66],"researchers":[67],"from":[68,92,103],"variety":[70],"disciplines,":[72],"including":[73],"computer":[74],"science":[75],"geography,":[77],"working":[80],"computational":[82],"methods":[83],"extraction":[86],"recognition":[88],"geographic":[90,107],"features":[91],"archived":[93],"images":[94],"maps":[96,151],"(digital":[97],"processing).":[99],"The":[100],"typical":[101],"result":[102],"processing":[105,139,168],"is":[106,141],"that":[109,190],"can":[110],"be":[111],"used":[112],"spatial":[114],"spatiotemporal":[116],"analyses":[117],"Geographic":[120],"Information":[121],"System":[122],"environment,":[123],"which":[124,150],"benefits":[125],"numerous":[126],"research":[127,180,198],"fields":[128],"spatial,":[131],"social,":[132],"environmental,":[133],"health":[135],"sciences.":[136],"However,":[137],"literature":[140],"spread":[142],"across":[143],"broad":[145],"range":[146],"disciplines":[148],"are":[152],"included":[153],"special":[156],"type":[157],"image.":[159],"This":[160],"article":[161],"presents":[162],"an":[163],"overview":[164],"existing":[166],"techniques,":[169],"with":[170],"goal":[172],"bringing":[174],"together":[175],"past":[177],"current":[179],"efforts":[181],"this":[183],"interdisciplinary":[184],"field,":[185],"characterize":[187],"made,":[193],"identify":[196],"future":[197],"directions":[199],"opportunities.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":143},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":104},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":103},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}