{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985797722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2556777","title":"An in-depth study of the potentially confounding effect of class size in fault prediction","display_name":"An in-depth study of the potentially confounding effect of class size in fault prediction","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985797722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2556777","mag":"1985797722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2556777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2556777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031391841","display_name":"Yuming Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University","Nanjing University#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331400","display_name":"Baowen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-1296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baowen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University","Nanjing University#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091697161","display_name":"Hareton Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-7667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hareton Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443798","display_name":"Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University","Nanjing University#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031391841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98745039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.8353272676467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6536157131195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6142197847366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4844410717487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.47687584161758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4641958475112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4611106216907501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35412850975990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.35405588150024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2155354619026184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.8353272676467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6536157131195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6142197847366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4844410717487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.47687584161758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4641958475112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4611106216907501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35412850975990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.35405588150024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2155354619026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2556777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2556777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/20607","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/20607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G120093604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(4-6934)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2654251799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(PolyU5219/06E)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":117,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15415692","https://openalex.org/W69675659","https://openalex.org/W97504542","https://openalex.org/W111572801","https://openalex.org/W137592611","https://openalex.org/W573643533","https://openalex.org/W1562811233","https://openalex.org/W1568698519","https://openalex.org/W1596771679","https://openalex.org/W1640894779","https://openalex.org/W1715619412","https://openalex.org/W1718727263","https://openalex.org/W1953529280","https://openalex.org/W1961761736","https://openalex.org/W1975040830","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1976876708","https://openalex.org/W1981621595","https://openalex.org/W1990259865","https://openalex.org/W1992960077","https://openalex.org/W2000819496","https://openalex.org/W2003934931","https://openalex.org/W2008871892","https://openalex.org/W2015029815","https://openalex.org/W2015729052","https://openalex.org/W2024209326","https://openalex.org/W2024306642","https://openalex.org/W2024650695","https://openalex.org/W2025333675","https://openalex.org/W2026046013","https://openalex.org/W2028334964","https://openalex.org/W2029107788","https://openalex.org/W2031686115","https://openalex.org/W2034445489","https://openalex.org/W2041413355","https://openalex.org/W2043336374","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2047345132","https://openalex.org/W2048997388","https://openalex.org/W2055784794","https://openalex.org/W2055800346","https://openalex.org/W2060408457","https://openalex.org/W2062403468","https://openalex.org/W2066325414","https://openalex.org/W2068719957","https://openalex.org/W2073767361","https://openalex.org/W2074218040","https://openalex.org/W2074805796","https://openalex.org/W2081025867","https://openalex.org/W2083352779","https://openalex.org/W2085673745","https://openalex.org/W2085908116","https://openalex.org/W2093995814","https://openalex.org/W2098113158","https://openalex.org/W2100157906","https://openalex.org/W2101771110","https://openalex.org/W2104329051","https://openalex.org/W2105776892","https://openalex.org/W2107643286","https://openalex.org/W2109362066","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2110431240","https://openalex.org/W2115993542","https://openalex.org/W2120738100","https://openalex.org/W2121134234","https://openalex.org/W2121866145","https://openalex.org/W2122475259","https://openalex.org/W2122519137","https://openalex.org/W2123551785","https://openalex.org/W2126065057","https://openalex.org/W2127592573","https://openalex.org/W2128666163","https://openalex.org/W2130898128","https://openalex.org/W2132762162","https://openalex.org/W2135250985","https://openalex.org/W2137367944","https://openalex.org/W2137959503","https://openalex.org/W2141051748","https://openalex.org/W2142481192","https://openalex.org/W2142814345","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2145183204","https://openalex.org/W2145420615","https://openalex.org/W2151666086","https://openalex.org/W2152408529","https://openalex.org/W2156618683","https://openalex.org/W2157371319","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2160538621","https://openalex.org/W2160958420","https://openalex.org/W2161482408","https://openalex.org/W2161585937","https://openalex.org/W2163590173","https://openalex.org/W2163732854","https://openalex.org/W2163769078","https://openalex.org/W2167858830","https://openalex.org/W2171824022","https://openalex.org/W2287851705","https://openalex.org/W2333067671","https://openalex.org/W2545707583","https://openalex.org/W2554660886","https://openalex.org/W2599650468","https://openalex.org/W2628313209","https://openalex.org/W2912203066","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W3005805959","https://openalex.org/W3044165892","https://openalex.org/W3109906317","https://openalex.org/W3161262291","https://openalex.org/W3169801952","https://openalex.org/W4229808266","https://openalex.org/W4244561708","https://openalex.org/W4248521920","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4300885073","https://openalex.org/W6602837369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994176440","https://openalex.org/W2481749367","https://openalex.org/W2510575233","https://openalex.org/W2495367848","https://openalex.org/W830718730","https://openalex.org/W2793477322","https://openalex.org/W4236720793","https://openalex.org/W1992228662","https://openalex.org/W2503931704","https://openalex.org/W4246786946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],".":[1,44,68,122,188],"The":[2],"extent":[3,77],"of":[4,9,33,39,52,55,78,83,117,134,170,195],"the":[5,13,22,26,31,37,53,59,76,79,87,101,114,131,138,149,157,164,167,192],"potentially":[6,27,80,102],"confounding":[7,28,81,103,132,158,165,193],"effect":[8,54,82,133,194],"class":[10,56,84,135,196],"size":[11,57,85,136,197],"in":[12,86,145,182],"fault":[14,88,171,200],"prediction":[15,41,89,115,119,168,172,201],"context":[16],"is":[17,21],"not":[18],"clear,":[19],"nor":[20],"method":[23,98,153],"to":[24,47,74,99,176],"remove":[25,100,156,191],"effect,":[29,166],"or":[30],"influence":[32],"this":[34,110],"removal":[35,111],"on":[36,58,124,137],"performance":[38,116,169],"fault-proneness":[40,118,144],"models.":[42,120,202],"Objective":[43],"We":[45,69,189],"aim":[46],"provide":[48],"an":[49],"in-depth":[50],"understanding":[51],"true":[60],"associations":[61,139],"between":[62,140],"object-oriented":[63,141],"metrics":[64,142],"and":[65,143,160,179],"fault-proneness.":[66],"Method":[67],"first":[70],"employ":[71],"statistical":[72],"methods":[73],"examine":[75],"context.":[90],"After":[91],"that,":[92],"we":[93,106,128],"propose":[94],"a":[95],"linear":[96,151],"regression-based":[97,152],"effect.":[104],"Finally,":[105],"empirically":[107],"investigate":[108],"whether":[109],"could":[112],"improve":[113],"Results":[121],"Based":[123],"open-source":[125],"software":[126],"systems,":[127],"found:":[129],"(a)":[130],"general":[146,183],"exists;":[147],"(b)":[148],"proposed":[150],"can":[154,181],"effectively":[155],"effect;":[159],"(c)":[161],"after":[162],"removing":[163],"models":[173],"with":[174],"respect":[175],"both":[177],"ranking":[178],"classification":[180],"be":[184],"significantly":[185],"improved.":[186],"Conclusion":[187],"should":[190],"when":[198],"building":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}