{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008558305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541940.2541975","title":"K2","display_name":"K2","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008558305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541940.2541975","mag":"2008558305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2541940.2541975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541940.2541975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025585492","display_name":"Felix Xiaozhu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Xiaozhu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422462","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6397-1775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108086354","display_name":"Lin Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9182,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98985507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"285","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8193615078926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.650599479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrupt","display_name":"Interrupt","score":0.607414186000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.49563801288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.48870065808296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4843250513076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.4347640872001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-memory","display_name":"Shared memory","score":0.43418481945991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4309498071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.42948031425476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-coherence","display_name":"Cache coherence","score":0.41750410199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3361818790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.14174053072929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-cache","display_name":"CPU cache","score":0.11340782046318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8193615078926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.650599479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41661131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220764","display_name":"Interrupt","level":3,"score":0.607414186000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.49563801288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48870065808296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4843250513076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.4347640872001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.43418481945991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4309498071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.42948031425476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141917322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1025017","display_name":"Cache coherence","level":5,"score":0.41750410199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3361818790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.14174053072929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.11340782046318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38556500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13404475","display_name":"Cache algorithms","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2541940.2541975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541940.2541975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125345945","https://openalex.org/W190062532","https://openalex.org/W1481358901","https://openalex.org/W1963637299","https://openalex.org/W1995263003","https://openalex.org/W2006816934","https://openalex.org/W2033910070","https://openalex.org/W2037431929","https://openalex.org/W2039907425","https://openalex.org/W2044902313","https://openalex.org/W2054308588","https://openalex.org/W2064343267","https://openalex.org/W2067574078","https://openalex.org/W2071515131","https://openalex.org/W2088723365","https://openalex.org/W2095687239","https://openalex.org/W2095726838","https://openalex.org/W2095894588","https://openalex.org/W2100817684","https://openalex.org/W2108010495","https://openalex.org/W2109360947","https://openalex.org/W2120939696","https://openalex.org/W2121542813","https://openalex.org/W2124993330","https://openalex.org/W2125816334","https://openalex.org/W2128336546","https://openalex.org/W2134939854","https://openalex.org/W2141318181","https://openalex.org/W2154884316","https://openalex.org/W2157733805","https://openalex.org/W2168075869","https://openalex.org/W2170293694","https://openalex.org/W4233668184","https://openalex.org/W4234565578","https://openalex.org/W4241790656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118508246","https://openalex.org/W2407815036","https://openalex.org/W4255008187","https://openalex.org/W4250205214","https://openalex.org/W2135766592","https://openalex.org/W2036306661","https://openalex.org/W2143087414","https://openalex.org/W2145592252","https://openalex.org/W1797968800","https://openalex.org/W2105141138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"System-on-Chips":[1],"(SoC)":[2],"that":[3,228],"incorporate":[4],"heterogeneous":[5],"coherence":[6,42,83,148],"domains":[7,43,149],"promise":[8],"high":[9],"energy":[10,201],"efficiency":[11,202],"to":[12,22,34,57,61,66,102,136],"a":[13,28,77,114,132,217],"wide":[14],"range":[15],"of":[16,88,125,145,150,158],"mobile":[17],"applications,":[18],"yet":[19,30],"are":[20],"difficult":[21],"program.":[23],"To":[24,72,107],"exploit":[25],"the":[26,68,109,118,126,146,173,229],"architecture,":[27],"desirable,":[29],"missing":[31],"capability":[32],"is":[33,187,232],"replicate":[35],"operating":[36],"system":[37,134],"(OS)":[38],"services":[39,91,101],"over":[40],"multiple":[41,82],"with":[44,92,138,225],"minimum":[45],"inter-domain":[46],"communication.":[47],"In":[48],"designing":[49],"such":[50,162,181],"an":[51],"OS,":[52],"we":[53,75,111],"set":[54],"three":[55],"goals:":[56],"ease":[58],"application":[59],"development,":[60],"simplify":[62],"OS":[63,70,79,90,100,116,160,179,205],"engineering,":[64],"and":[65,166,196],"preserve":[67],"current":[69],"performance.":[71],"this":[73],"end,":[74],"identify":[76],"shared-most":[78,230],"model":[80,231],"for":[81,203,216],"domains:":[84],"creating":[85],"per-domain":[86],"instances":[87,157],"core":[89,159],"no":[93],"shared":[94,220],"state,":[95],"while":[96,209],"enabling":[97],"other":[98],"extended":[99,178],"share":[103,176],"state":[104,186],"across":[105],"domains.":[106],"test":[108],"model,":[110],"build":[112],"K2,":[113],"prototype":[115],"on":[117,143],"TI":[119],"OMAP4":[120],"SoC,":[121],"by":[122,171,191,207],"reusing":[123],"most":[124,177],"Linux":[127],"3.4":[128],"source.":[129],"K2":[130,199,226],"presents":[131],"single":[133],"image":[135],"applications":[137],"its":[139],"two":[140,147,153,174],"kernels":[141,154,175],"running":[142],"top":[144],"OMAP4.":[151],"The":[152],"have":[155],"independent":[156],"services,":[161,180],"as":[163,169,182],"page":[164],"allocator":[165],"interrupt":[167],"management,":[168],"coordinated":[170],"K2;":[172],"device":[183,218],"drivers,":[184],"whose":[185],"kept":[188],"coherent":[189],"transparently":[190],"K2.":[192],"Despite":[193],"platform":[194],"constraints":[195],"unoptimized":[197],"code,":[198],"improves":[200],"light":[204],"workloads":[206],"8x-10x,":[208],"incurring":[210],"less":[211],"than":[212],"6%":[213],"performance":[214],"overhead":[215],"driver":[219],"between":[221],"kernels.":[222],"Our":[223],"experiences":[224],"show":[227],"promising.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}