{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058884937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555303","title":"Accelerating an application domain with specialized functional units","display_name":"Accelerating an application domain with specialized functional units","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058884937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555303","mag":"2058884937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2541228.2555303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555303","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2541228.2555303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2541228.2555303","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069966466","display_name":"Cecilia Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University & UPC, Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University & UPC, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032224428","display_name":"Jennifer B. Sartor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer B. Sartor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","Ghent University , Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University , Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020612955","display_name":"Carlos \u00c1lvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0536-5183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136471","display_name":"FC Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpz1v84","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos \u00c1lvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPC, Barcelona, Spain","[UPC, Barcelona, Spain]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPC, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I4210136471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[UPC, Barcelona, Spain]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084498827","display_name":"Daniel Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-7883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136471","display_name":"FC Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpz1v84","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPC, Barcelona, Spain","[UPC, Barcelona, Spain]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPC, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I4210136471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[UPC, Barcelona, Spain]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033119975","display_name":"Lieven Eeckhout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-4473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lieven Eeckhout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","Ghent University , Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University , Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9515,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76575956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8613195419311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6521308422088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5652380585670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5234674215316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5046364068984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.47686323523521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.45130667090415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.44034987688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.424446702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.40892064571380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4077679216861725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3953682780265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.3501132130622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3252614140510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13693255186080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11821180582046509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8613195419311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6521308422088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5652380585670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5234674215316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5046364068984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.47686323523521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.45130667090415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.44034987688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.424446702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.40892064571380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4077679216861725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3953682780265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3501132130622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3252614140510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13693255186080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11821180582046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2541228.2555303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555303","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2541228.2555303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:4375104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/4375104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1544-3566","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2541228.2555303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555303","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2541228.2555303","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1676418636","display_name":"Dependable Performance on Many-Thread Processors","funder_award_id":"259295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3829048491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4360075424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01Z04109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322603","funder_display_name":"Universiteit Gent"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4572022505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2009-SGR-980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5325344697","display_name":"High Performance and Embedded Architecture and Compilation","funder_award_id":"287759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5593277320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5702163051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/2007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898883497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7/ICT 287759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322603","display_name":"Universiteit Gent","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058884937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058884937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W643904490","https://openalex.org/W1964471912","https://openalex.org/W1989584178","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2036015456","https://openalex.org/W2036779190","https://openalex.org/W2037962593","https://openalex.org/W2039538849","https://openalex.org/W2039979393","https://openalex.org/W2049159104","https://openalex.org/W2083978213","https://openalex.org/W2105680229","https://openalex.org/W2111488604","https://openalex.org/W2118312929","https://openalex.org/W2121156724","https://openalex.org/W2125460731","https://openalex.org/W2129658276","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2132605419","https://openalex.org/W2132660104","https://openalex.org/W2132729131","https://openalex.org/W2134084674","https://openalex.org/W2146188244","https://openalex.org/W2153185479","https://openalex.org/W2154051217","https://openalex.org/W2165892109","https://openalex.org/W2170621144","https://openalex.org/W2171697422","https://openalex.org/W2595734385","https://openalex.org/W3210232381","https://openalex.org/W4245874061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102568252","https://openalex.org/W3133116121","https://openalex.org/W1968980404","https://openalex.org/W1989457680","https://openalex.org/W2625058759","https://openalex.org/W3195471267","https://openalex.org/W2163046274","https://openalex.org/W3032310658","https://openalex.org/W4282568311","https://openalex.org/W4295935044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"specialization":[1,81],"has":[2],"received":[3],"renewed":[4],"interest":[5],"recently":[6],"as":[7],"chips":[8],"are":[9],"hitting":[10],"power":[11,36],"limits.":[12],"Chip":[13],"designers":[14],"of":[15,134,176,205],"traditional":[16],"processor":[17],"architectures":[18],"have":[19],"primarily":[20],"focused":[21],"on":[22,80,202],"general-purpose":[23],"computing,":[24],"partially":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,97,111,147,153,171,217,242],"time-to-market":[28],"pressure":[29],"and":[30,60,75,229],"simpler":[31],"design":[32,56],"processes.":[33],"But":[34],"new":[35,113,169],"limits":[37],"require":[38],"some":[39],"chip":[40],"specialization.":[41],"Although":[42],"hardware":[43,200,238],"configured":[44],"for":[45,52],"a":[46,68,105,112,121,131,158,203],"specific":[47],"application":[48],"yields":[49],"large":[50],"speedups":[51,155,225],"low-power":[53],"dissipation,":[54],"its":[55],"is":[57,240],"more":[58,137],"complex":[59],"less":[61],"reusable.":[62],"We":[63,78,127,166,189,233],"instead":[64],"explore":[65],"domain-based":[66],"specialization,":[67,218],"scalable":[69],"approach":[70],"that":[71,86,107,116,129,143,182,210,235],"balances":[72],"hardware\u2019s":[73],"reusability":[74],"performance":[76,186,193,246],"efficiency.":[77],"focus":[79],"using":[82,130,199],"customized":[83],"compute":[84],"units":[85],"accelerate":[87],"particular":[88],"operations.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"article,":[92],"we":[93],"develop":[94],"automatic":[95,197],"techniques":[96,198],"identify":[98],"code":[99,139],"sequences":[100,140],"from":[101],"different":[102],"applications":[103,142],"within":[104],"domain":[106],"can":[108,144],"be":[109,118,145],"targeted":[110],"custom":[114,150,178,231],"instruction":[115],"will":[117],"run":[119],"inside":[120],"configurable":[122],"specialized":[123],"functional":[124],"unit":[125],"(SFU).":[126],"demonstrate":[128,234],"canonical":[132],"representation":[133],"computations":[135],"finds":[136],"common":[138],"among":[141],"mapped":[146],"the":[148,173,184,191,213,219,223],"same":[149],"instruction,":[151],"leading":[152],"larger":[154],"while":[156],"specializing":[157],"smaller":[159],"core":[160,214],"area":[161,215],"than":[162],"previous":[163],"pattern-matching":[164],"techniques.":[165],"also":[167],"propose":[168],"heuristics":[170],"narrow":[172],"search":[174],"space":[175],"domain-specific":[177,230,237],"instructions,":[179],"finding":[180],"those":[181],"achieve":[183],"best":[185],"across":[187],"applications.":[188],"estimate":[190],"overall":[192],"achieved":[194],"with":[195,222],"our":[196],"models":[201],"set":[204],"nine":[206],"media":[207],"benchmarks,":[208],"showing":[209],"when":[211],"limiting":[212],"devoted":[216],"SFU":[220],"customization":[221],"largest":[224],"includes":[226],"both":[227],"application-":[228],"instructions.":[232],"exploring":[236],"acceleration":[239],"key":[241],"continued":[243],"computing":[244],"system":[245],"improvements.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}