{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049366154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538905","title":"Identifying elementary students' pre-instructional ability to develop algorithms and step-by-step instructions","display_name":"Identifying elementary students' pre-instructional ability to develop algorithms and step-by-step instructions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049366154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538905","mag":"2049366154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2538862.2538905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538905","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2538905&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2538905&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066393414","display_name":"Hilary A. Dwyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3545-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilary Dwyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062321464","display_name":"Charlotte Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013948466","display_name":"Stacey L. Carpenter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-6620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stacey Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048420844","display_name":"Danielle B. Harlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Harlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015650035","display_name":"Diana Franklin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-9805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Franklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"511","last_page":"516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.8061928153038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.8018820285797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outreach","display_name":"Outreach","score":0.7641756534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6501631736755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6438190937042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5929251313209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5362815856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.4631148874759674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-thinking","display_name":"Higher-order thinking","score":0.42522525787353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.41019365191459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-method","display_name":"Teaching method","score":0.31351256370544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.27805328369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23038432002067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitively-guided-instruction","display_name":"Cognitively Guided Instruction","score":0.14216729998588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10608458518981934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.8061928153038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.8018820285797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11640","display_name":"Outreach","level":2,"score":0.7641756534576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6501631736755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6438190937042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5929251313209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5362815856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4631148874759674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777004525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757990","display_name":"Higher-order thinking","level":4,"score":0.42522525787353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.41019365191459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.31351256370544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.27805328369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23038432002067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141259","display_name":"Cognitively Guided Instruction","level":3,"score":0.14216729998588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10608458518981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2538862.2538905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538905","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2538905&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2538862.2538905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538905","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2538905&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49686737","https://openalex.org/W589418659","https://openalex.org/W1571382548","https://openalex.org/W1574046838","https://openalex.org/W1756310539","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1980850924","https://openalex.org/W1986370155","https://openalex.org/W2014072185","https://openalex.org/W2014261905","https://openalex.org/W2059640080","https://openalex.org/W2101398579","https://openalex.org/W2104242931","https://openalex.org/W2120640415","https://openalex.org/W2135759452","https://openalex.org/W2154306835","https://openalex.org/W2339635284","https://openalex.org/W2561379780","https://openalex.org/W2804760890","https://openalex.org/W2984316103","https://openalex.org/W4292952947","https://openalex.org/W6703630567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2410491632","https://openalex.org/W2506070082","https://openalex.org/W2109742611","https://openalex.org/W3121998239","https://openalex.org/W3211295480","https://openalex.org/W2921849823","https://openalex.org/W2937831315","https://openalex.org/W2005944470","https://openalex.org/W2166383542","https://openalex.org/W4353084618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"desire":[1],"to":[2,6,11,23,66,72,115,149,166,184],"expose":[3],"more":[4],"students":[5,44,105,111,139,163],"computer":[7,27,46],"science":[8],"has":[9],"led":[10],"the":[12,41,116,161],"development":[13],"of":[14,17,43,103,109,126,138,160],"a":[15,76,81,133],"plethora":[16],"educational":[18],"activities":[19,142,162],"and":[20,33,93,107,169],"outreach":[21],"programs":[22],"broaden":[24],"participation":[25],"in":[26,141,147],"science.":[28,47],"Despite":[29],"extensive":[30],"resources":[31,70],"(time":[32],"money),":[34],"they":[35,171],"have":[36],"made":[37],"little":[38],"impact":[39],"on":[40,87],"diversity":[42],"pursuing":[45],"To":[48,79],"realize":[49],"large":[50],"gains,":[51],"computational":[52,134],"thinking":[53,135],"must":[54],"be":[55,73],"integrated":[56],"into":[57],"K-12":[58],"systems,":[59],"starting":[60],"with":[61,83],"elementary":[62],"school.":[63],"In":[64,118],"order":[65,148],"do":[67],"so,":[68],"existing":[69],"need":[71,99,173],"adapted":[74],"for":[75,95],"school":[77],"setting.":[78],"make":[80],"curriculum":[82],"lessons":[84],"that":[85],"build":[86],"each":[88],"other":[89],"over":[90],"several":[91],"years,":[92],"accountability":[94],"student":[96],"learning,":[97],"we":[98,121,180],"standards,":[100],"an":[101],"understanding":[102],"how":[104,179],"learn,":[106],"identification":[108],"what":[110,127],"know":[112,130],"before":[113,131],"exposure":[114],"curriculum.":[117,136,188],"this":[119],"paper,":[120],"present":[122],"our":[123,186],"detailed":[124],"findings":[125],"fourth":[128],"graders":[129],"encountering":[132],"Groups":[137],"participated":[140],"modified":[143],"from":[144],"CS":[145],"Unplugged":[146],"discover":[150],"their":[151],"knowledge":[152],"(rather":[153],"than":[154],"provide":[155],"instruction).":[156],"We":[157,176],"identify":[158],"aspects":[159],"were":[164],"able":[165],"complete":[167],"successfully,":[168],"where":[170],"will":[172],"further":[174],"instruction.":[175],"then":[177],"explain":[178],"used":[181],"these":[182],"results":[183],"modify":[185],"pilot":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
