{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036046367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2536747.2536755","title":"Accelerating radiation dose calculation","display_name":"Accelerating radiation dose calculation","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036046367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2536747.2536755","mag":"2036046367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2536747.2536755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2536747.2536755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085149886","display_name":"Bo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-0897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland School of Medicine","University of Maryland School of Medicine#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland School of Medicine#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600905","display_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-9738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060901632","display_name":"Danny Z. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-2884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danny Z. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005357257","display_name":"C Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-1678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cedric X. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland School of Medicine","University of Maryland School of Medicine#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland School of Medicine#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67399084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1s","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8383278846740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.7954620122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7288018465042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5504419207572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-bandwidth","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","score":0.4654337465763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4504642188549042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4462496042251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4168325662612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4127555191516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3853658437728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3555150628089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.33389341831207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14465337991714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08721715211868286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8383278846740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.7954620122909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7288018465042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5504419207572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148339","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","level":2,"score":0.4654337465763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4504642188549042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4462496042251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4168325662612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4127555191516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3853658437728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3555150628089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.33389341831207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14465337991714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08721715211868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2536747.2536755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2536747.2536755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1615216252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-CA117997-01A2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2701325892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0515203, CCF-0916606, and CCF-1217906","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551882400","https://openalex.org/W1983704191","https://openalex.org/W1990469424","https://openalex.org/W1993916684","https://openalex.org/W2005929185","https://openalex.org/W2015015561","https://openalex.org/W2030583898","https://openalex.org/W2044239383","https://openalex.org/W2046168152","https://openalex.org/W2050976201","https://openalex.org/W2090590456","https://openalex.org/W2092581560","https://openalex.org/W2094367852","https://openalex.org/W2094667547","https://openalex.org/W2097265665","https://openalex.org/W2099104461","https://openalex.org/W2101874826","https://openalex.org/W2106315227","https://openalex.org/W2131794005","https://openalex.org/W2163812778","https://openalex.org/W2226412385","https://openalex.org/W2619513654","https://openalex.org/W4239882006","https://openalex.org/W4250200868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W3157543420","https://openalex.org/W4376647684","https://openalex.org/W4221139464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remarkable":[0],"progress":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"made":[4],"in":[5,10,217],"the":[6,34,50,105,114,119,136,139,155,204],"past":[7],"few":[8],"decades":[9],"various":[11],"aspects":[12],"of":[13,19,36,92,154,181,202],"radiation":[14,63],"therapy":[15],"(RT).":[16],"However,":[17],"some":[18],"these":[20],"promising":[21],"technologies,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"image-guided":[25],"online":[26],"replanning":[27],"and":[28,81,110,166,192],"arc":[29],"therapy,":[30],"rely":[31],"heavily":[32],"on":[33,44,89,188],"availability":[35],"fast":[37],"dose":[38,47,64],"calculation.":[39,65],"In":[40,200],"this":[41],"article,":[42],"based":[43,88],"a":[45,57,71,77,90,179,184,189],"popular":[46],"calculation":[48],"algorithm,":[49,54,138],"Collapsed-Cone":[51],"Convolution/Superposition":[52],"(CCCS)":[53],"we":[55],"present":[56],"multi-FPGA":[58],"accelerator":[59],"to":[60,113,134],"speed":[61],"up":[62],"Our":[66],"performance-driven":[67],"design":[68,101,131,141],"strategy":[69],"yields":[70],"fully":[72,103],"pipelined":[73],"architecture,":[74],"which":[75,132],"includes":[76],"resource-economic":[78],"raytracing":[79],"engine":[80],"high-performance":[82],"energy":[83],"deposition":[84],"pipeline.":[85],"An":[86],"evaluation":[87],"set":[91],"clinical":[93],"treatment":[94],"planning":[95],"cases":[96],"confirms":[97],"that":[98,212],"our":[99,213],"FPGA":[100,130],"almost":[102],"utilizes":[104],"available":[106,156],"external":[107,157],"memory":[108,148,158],"bandwidth":[109,149],"achieves":[111],"close":[112],"best":[115],"possible":[116],"performance":[117,194],"for":[118],"CCCS":[120],"algorithm":[121],"while":[122],"using":[123],"less":[124,167,206],"resource.":[125],"Compared":[126],"with":[127],"an":[128],"existing":[129],"aimed":[133],"accelerate":[135],"identical":[137],"proposed":[140],"achieved":[142],"1.9X":[143],"speedup":[144,180],"by":[145],"providing":[146],"better":[147],"utilization":[150],"(81.7%":[151],"v.s.":[152,164,172],"43%":[153],"bandwidth),":[159],"higher":[160],"working":[161],"frequency":[162],"(90MHz":[163],"70MHz)":[165],"logic":[168,174],"resource":[169],"usage":[170],"(25K":[171],"55K":[173],"cells).":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"it":[177],"obtains":[178],"20X":[182],"over":[183,196],"commercial":[185],"multithreaded":[186],"software":[187],"quad-core":[190],"system":[191],"15X":[193],"improvement":[195],"closely":[197],"related":[198],"results.":[199],"terms":[201],"accuracy,":[203],"measured":[205],"than":[207],"1%":[208],"statistical":[209],"fluctuation":[210],"indicates":[211],"solution":[214],"is":[215],"practical":[216],"real":[218],"medical":[219],"scenarios.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}