{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043957422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2534393","title":"Low-energy volatile STT-RAM cache design using cache-coherence-enabled adaptive refresh","display_name":"Low-energy volatile STT-RAM cache design using cache-coherence-enabled adaptive refresh","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043957422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2534393","mag":"2043957422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2534393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2534393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391364","display_name":"Jianhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7086-7625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei University of Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei University of Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073520075","display_name":"Liang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9977-529X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, P.R. China","Chongqing University, P.R.China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, P.R.China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103211926","display_name":"Qingan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-5405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University, P.R. China","Wuhan University, P.R.China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University, P.R.China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441768","display_name":"Chun Jason Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Jason Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058073627","display_name":"Yiran Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","[University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070385135","display_name":"Yinlong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9586-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinlong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China","University of Science and Technology of China, P. R. China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, P. R. China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392143","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-3121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei University of Technology, P.R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei University of Technology, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100391364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93487756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8730051517486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.7366285920143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.6776708960533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5908665657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4593866169452667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4426306188106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesi-protocol","display_name":"MESI protocol","score":0.4412081241607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-coherence","display_name":"Cache coherence","score":0.4398721158504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-cache","display_name":"CPU cache","score":0.4227147698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-algorithms","display_name":"Cache algorithms","score":0.3161556124687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.24525639414787292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8730051517486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.7366285920143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.6776708960533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5908665657043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4593866169452667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4426306188106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408065","display_name":"MESI protocol","level":5,"score":0.4412081241607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141917322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1025017","display_name":"Cache coherence","level":5,"score":0.4398721158504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.4227147698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38556500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13404475","display_name":"Cache algorithms","level":4,"score":0.3161556124687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.24525639414787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2534393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2534393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35708471","https://openalex.org/W1964044001","https://openalex.org/W1968686941","https://openalex.org/W1989660200","https://openalex.org/W1999621870","https://openalex.org/W2007884410","https://openalex.org/W2019789697","https://openalex.org/W2028283779","https://openalex.org/W2029577083","https://openalex.org/W2043340768","https://openalex.org/W2047379549","https://openalex.org/W2058815081","https://openalex.org/W2084007230","https://openalex.org/W2097538613","https://openalex.org/W2100893446","https://openalex.org/W2103214300","https://openalex.org/W2108048675","https://openalex.org/W2110134128","https://openalex.org/W2116826022","https://openalex.org/W2118870365","https://openalex.org/W2119092821","https://openalex.org/W2120635877","https://openalex.org/W2122108187","https://openalex.org/W2123184444","https://openalex.org/W2130154972","https://openalex.org/W2131054871","https://openalex.org/W2136316949","https://openalex.org/W2139433465","https://openalex.org/W2142276919","https://openalex.org/W2148831941","https://openalex.org/W2149412112","https://openalex.org/W2153099552","https://openalex.org/W2155551886","https://openalex.org/W2159222581","https://openalex.org/W2160428323","https://openalex.org/W2164264749","https://openalex.org/W2166151045","https://openalex.org/W2170293694","https://openalex.org/W2171148960","https://openalex.org/W2172212694","https://openalex.org/W2540697258","https://openalex.org/W2543205889","https://openalex.org/W2913060349","https://openalex.org/W3149938209","https://openalex.org/W4244855685","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4312364354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285204597","https://openalex.org/W2290195868","https://openalex.org/W3193874149","https://openalex.org/W2139534474","https://openalex.org/W2013212244","https://openalex.org/W2290179447","https://openalex.org/W2123859627","https://openalex.org/W2057019356","https://openalex.org/W3139889547","https://openalex.org/W1993010599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spin-Torque":[0],"Transfer":[1],"RAM":[2],"(STT-RAM)":[3],"is":[4,38,80,125],"a":[5],"promising":[6],"candidate":[7],"for":[8,127,149,156],"SRAM":[9],"replacement":[10],"because":[11],"of":[12,33,61,130,146,174,216],"its":[13,41],"excellent":[14],"features,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,35,82,153],"fast":[18],"read":[19],"access,":[20],"high":[21,46],"density,":[22],"low":[23,195],"leakage":[24],"power,":[25],"and":[26,45,166,208],"CMOS":[27],"technology":[28],"compatibility.":[29],"However,":[30],"wide":[31],"adoption":[32,129],"STT-RAM":[34,62,67,79,179,231],"cache":[36,85,163,167],"memories":[37],"impeded":[39],"by":[40,122],"long":[42],"write":[43,47,54],"latency":[44],"power.":[48],"Recent":[49],"work":[50],"proposed":[51],"improving":[52],"the":[53,58,83,118,128,144,154,172,205,210,214,228],"performance":[55,119,207,215],"through":[56],"relaxing":[57],"retention":[59],"time":[60],"cells.":[63],"The":[64],"resultant":[65],"volatile":[66,78,131,150,178],"needs":[68],"to":[69,73,111,142,170,189,226],"be":[70,219],"periodically":[71],"refreshed":[72],"prevent":[74],"data":[75],"loss.":[76],"When":[77],"applied":[81],"last-level":[84],"(LLC)":[86],"in":[87],"chip":[88],"multiprocessor":[89],"(CMP)":[90],"systems,":[91],"frequent":[92],"refresh":[93,102,123,147,175,192,200],"operations":[94,103,110,124,148,176],"could":[95,104,218],"dissipate":[96],"significant":[97],"extra":[98],"energy.":[99],"In":[100,133],"addition,":[101],"severely":[105],"conflict":[106],"with":[107,162,194,198],"normal":[108],"read/write":[109],"degrade":[112],"overall":[113],"system":[114,206],"performance.":[115],"Therefore,":[116],"minimizing":[117],"impact":[120],"caused":[121],"crucial":[126],"STT-RAM.":[132],"this":[134],"article,":[135],"we":[136],"propose":[137],"Cache-Coherence-Enabled":[138],"Adaptive":[139],"Refresh":[140],"(CCear)":[141],"minimize":[143,171],"number":[145,173],"STT-RAM,":[151],"adopted":[152],"LLC":[155],"CMP":[157],"systems.":[158],"Specifically,":[159],"CCear":[160,186,202,217],"interacts":[161],"coherence":[164],"protocol":[165],"management":[168],"policy":[169,193],"on":[177],"caches.":[180],"Full-system":[181],"simulation":[182],"results":[183],"show":[184],"that":[185],"performs":[187],"close":[188],"an":[190],"ideal":[191],"overhead.":[196],"Compared":[197],"state-of-the-art":[199],"policies,":[201],"simultaneously":[203],"improves":[204],"reduces":[209],"energy":[211],"consumption.":[212],"Moreover,":[213],"further":[220],"enhanced":[221],"using":[222],"small":[223],"filter":[224],"caches":[225],"accommodate":[227],"not-refreshed":[229],"private":[230],"blocks.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
