{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053268785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2523649.2523654","title":"Message in a bottle","display_name":"Message in a bottle","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053268785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2523649.2523654","mag":"2053268785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2523649.2523654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2523649.2523654","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064912041","display_name":"Luca Invernizzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Invernizzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022177364","display_name":"Christopher Kruegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kruegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075685499","display_name":"Giovanni Vigna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-5369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Vigna","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064912041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.983506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"39","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haystack","display_name":"Haystack","score":0.7607051730155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7116450071334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6705111265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarianism","display_name":"Authoritarianism","score":0.632250189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.6280628442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5307638049125671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.49732092022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.47848957777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.47780781984329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfeit","display_name":"Counterfeit","score":0.44677308201789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloaking","display_name":"Cloaking","score":0.42016923427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zombie","display_name":"Zombie","score":0.41450604796409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.410250186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33221837878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24952638149261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1415320634841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11969301104545593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13424479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5687237","display_name":"Haystack","level":2,"score":0.7607051730155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7116450071334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6705111265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.632250189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.6280628442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5307638049125671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.49732092022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.47848957777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.47780781984329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.44677308201789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62973154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868018","display_name":"Cloaking","level":3,"score":0.42016923427581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144446859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219164","display_name":"Zombie","level":2,"score":0.41450604796409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.410250186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33221837878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24952638149261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1415320634841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11969301104545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2523649.2523654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2523649.2523654","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1773651856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF0910553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2128235161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0845559, CNS-0905537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7146038114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000140911042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W39374552","https://openalex.org/W120790494","https://openalex.org/W139582188","https://openalex.org/W1482517611","https://openalex.org/W1517860926","https://openalex.org/W1530271354","https://openalex.org/W1537331768","https://openalex.org/W1541591257","https://openalex.org/W1625646831","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1806317803","https://openalex.org/W1815005891","https://openalex.org/W1866884617","https://openalex.org/W1878459630","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W2004686575","https://openalex.org/W2012300482","https://openalex.org/W2027048292","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2041845394","https://openalex.org/W2044610626","https://openalex.org/W2064123268","https://openalex.org/W2068220504","https://openalex.org/W2103013014","https://openalex.org/W2103228545","https://openalex.org/W2103758768","https://openalex.org/W2106663508","https://openalex.org/W2107691219","https://openalex.org/W2127295197","https://openalex.org/W2147587452","https://openalex.org/W2150248082","https://openalex.org/W2154026545","https://openalex.org/W2154651642","https://openalex.org/W2156410527","https://openalex.org/W2163598690","https://openalex.org/W2174507869","https://openalex.org/W2259209568","https://openalex.org/W2344269074","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2490262601","https://openalex.org/W2569676014","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W3007127761","https://openalex.org/W3121904864","https://openalex.org/W3142078075","https://openalex.org/W4299301436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253878822","https://openalex.org/W1965563707","https://openalex.org/W4210692028","https://openalex.org/W1736550718","https://openalex.org/W3211952845","https://openalex.org/W2808729870","https://openalex.org/W2479343091","https://openalex.org/W2278064783","https://openalex.org/W3174858427","https://openalex.org/W1972480475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exploiting":[0],"recent":[1],"advances":[2],"in":[3,109],"monitoring":[4],"technology":[5],"and":[6,13,60,65,148,156],"the":[7,18,21,28,68,93,192],"drop":[8],"of":[9,24,46,49,58,95,100,117,153,191],"its":[10,158],"costs,":[11],"authoritarian":[12],"oppressive":[14],"regimes":[15],"are":[16,34,62,165],"tightening":[17],"grip":[19],"around":[20],"virtual":[22],"lives":[23],"their":[25,38,118,184],"citizens.":[26],"Meanwhile,":[27],"dissidents,":[29],"oppressed":[30],"by":[31,115],"these":[32,72],"regimes,":[33],"organizing":[35],"online,":[36],"cloaking":[37],"activity":[39],"with":[40,167],"anti-censorship":[41,89],"systems":[42,90],"that":[43],"typically":[44],"consist":[45],"a":[47,97,131,138,150,168,188,197],"network":[48,186],"anonymizing":[50],"proxies.":[51],"The":[52],"censors":[53,164],"have":[54,77,125,146],"become":[55],"well":[56],"aware":[57],"this,":[59],"they":[61,76,104,178],"systematically":[63],"finding":[64],"blocking":[66],"all":[67],"entry":[69,101],"points":[70],"to":[71,84,87,172,201],"networks.":[73],"So":[74],"far,":[75],"been":[78],"quite":[79],"successful.":[80],"We":[81,145],"believe":[82],"that,":[83],"achieve":[85],"resilience":[86],"blocking,":[88],"must":[91,179],"abandon":[92],"idea":[94],"having":[96],"limited":[98],"number":[99],"points.":[102],"Instead,":[103],"should":[105],"establish":[106],"first":[107],"contact":[108],"an":[110],"online":[111],"location":[112],"arbitrarily":[113],"chosen":[114],"each":[116],"users.":[119],"To":[120,160],"explore":[121],"this":[122,162],"idea,":[123],"we":[124],"developed":[126,147],"Message":[127],"In":[128],"A":[129],"Bottle,":[130],"protocol":[132],"where":[133],"any":[134],"blog":[135],"post":[136],"becomes":[137],"potential":[139],"\"drop":[140],"point\"":[141],"for":[142],"hidden":[143,176],"messages.":[144],"released":[149],"proof-of-concept":[151],"application":[152],"our":[154],"system,":[155,163],"demonstrated":[157],"feasibility.":[159],"block":[161,180],"left":[166],"needle-in-a-haystack":[169],"problem:":[170],"Unable":[171],"identify":[173],"what":[174],"bears":[175],"messages,":[177],"everything,":[181],"effectively":[182],"disconnecting":[183],"own":[185],"from":[187],"large":[189],"part":[190],"Internet.":[193],"This,":[194],"hopefully,":[195],"is":[196],"cost":[198],"too":[199],"high":[200],"bear.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}