{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009420378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2503144","title":"Focus 3D","display_name":"Focus 3D","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009420378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2503144","mag":"2009420378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2503144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2503144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92412","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047921889","display_name":"Andrew Maimone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Maimone","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014044649","display_name":"Gordon Wetzstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142372","display_name":"Human Media","ror":"https://ror.org/04072nk43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Wetzstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Media Lab","MIT Media Lab.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051579877","display_name":"Matthew Hirsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142372","display_name":"Human Media","ror":"https://ror.org/04072nk43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hirsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Media Lab","MIT Media Lab.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074342790","display_name":"Douglas Lanman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2447-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Lanman","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Media Lab and NVIDIA Research","MIT Media Lab and NVIDIA Research#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab and NVIDIA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab and NVIDIA Research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023495279","display_name":"Ramesh Raskar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142372","display_name":"Human Media","ror":"https://ror.org/04072nk43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Raskar","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Media Lab","MIT Media Lab.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Media Lab.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014889758","display_name":"Henry Fuchs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-4638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Fuchs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.9704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98953297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallax","display_name":"Parallax","score":0.785910964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6935757398605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6574009656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-field","display_name":"Light field","score":0.608801007270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accommodation","display_name":"Accommodation","score":0.5659990906715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binocular-disparity","display_name":"Binocular disparity","score":0.5393320322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5260367393493652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-display","display_name":"Stereo display","score":0.5256648659706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5154002904891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.48567426204681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4643934369087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-field","display_name":"Depth of field","score":0.44932350516319275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holographic-display","display_name":"Holographic display","score":0.42636242508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3798549771308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.3780015707015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2093675434589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holography","display_name":"Holography","score":0.1301283836364746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15759828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165074","display_name":"Parallax","level":2,"score":0.785910964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6935757398605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6574009656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48983235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593161","display_name":"Light field","level":2,"score":0.608801007270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157660682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419793","display_name":"Accommodation","level":2,"score":0.5659990906715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90790637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681118","display_name":"Binocular disparity","level":3,"score":0.5393320322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5260367393493652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1223959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191960","display_name":"Stereo display","level":2,"score":0.5256648659706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5154002904891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.48567426204681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4643934369087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183072630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215932","display_name":"Depth of field","level":2,"score":0.44932350516319275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7079719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3557228","display_name":"Holographic display","level":3,"score":0.42636242508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3798549771308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.3780015707015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2093675434589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187590223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527628","display_name":"Holography","level":2,"score":0.1301283836364746}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2503144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2503144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/92412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT web domain","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/92412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT web domain","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G190545269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1116452 and 1218411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4921606562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1116452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6460154972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1116452 and 1218411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7583022453","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1116452 and 1218411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320749","display_name":"Media Development Authority - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhhdj49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W248834415","https://openalex.org/W1246381107","https://openalex.org/W1644953301","https://openalex.org/W1964217675","https://openalex.org/W1970212628","https://openalex.org/W1973711934","https://openalex.org/W1974451021","https://openalex.org/W1976823942","https://openalex.org/W1981931746","https://openalex.org/W1985305873","https://openalex.org/W1985860133","https://openalex.org/W1991012411","https://openalex.org/W1998710444","https://openalex.org/W2001245568","https://openalex.org/W2022885952","https://openalex.org/W2023150821","https://openalex.org/W2024165284","https://openalex.org/W2026502561","https://openalex.org/W2038149568","https://openalex.org/W2054622259","https://openalex.org/W2057260826","https://openalex.org/W2058673816","https://openalex.org/W2059939887","https://openalex.org/W2067123216","https://openalex.org/W2068585113","https://openalex.org/W2077843075","https://openalex.org/W2082231847","https://openalex.org/W2084834930","https://openalex.org/W2089993514","https://openalex.org/W2094759915","https://openalex.org/W2096043682","https://openalex.org/W2097048977","https://openalex.org/W2114470520","https://openalex.org/W2119967924","https://openalex.org/W2132719795","https://openalex.org/W2137171442","https://openalex.org/W2149595763","https://openalex.org/W2153569521","https://openalex.org/W2168790157","https://openalex.org/W2404400936","https://openalex.org/W3098977515","https://openalex.org/W3099383555","https://openalex.org/W3137325931","https://openalex.org/W3137679377","https://openalex.org/W3149677552","https://openalex.org/W4231892975","https://openalex.org/W4238005791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2351861073","https://openalex.org/W2095437103","https://openalex.org/W2086942199","https://openalex.org/W1966512792","https://openalex.org/W2332593482","https://openalex.org/W1981518777","https://openalex.org/W2165390344","https://openalex.org/W2396352397","https://openalex.org/W2140704598","https://openalex.org/W3000807560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,144],"present":[1],"a":[2,52,78,85,94,139,151,157],"glasses-free":[3],"3D":[4],"display":[5],"design":[6,37,147],"with":[7,13,187],"the":[8,35,39,58,66,69,102,113,123,132,146,165,182],"potential":[9,133],"to":[10,57,76,105,180,184],"provide":[11],"viewers":[12],"nearly":[14,135],"correct":[15,136],"accommodative":[16],"depth":[17],"cues,":[18],"as":[19,21],"well":[20],"motion":[22,129],"parallax":[23],"and":[24,31,61,131,169,172],"binocular":[25,127],"cues.":[26],"Building":[27],"on":[28,93,164],"multilayer":[29],"attenuator":[30],"directional":[32],"backlight":[33],"architectures,":[34],"proposed":[36],"achieves":[38],"high":[40,79],"angular":[41,80],"resolution":[42,81],"needed":[43],"for":[44,134],"accommodation":[45,137,167],"by":[46,112,149],"placing":[47],"spatial":[48],"light":[49,82,109],"modulators":[50],"about":[51,156],"large":[53],"lens:":[54],"one":[55,62],"conjugate":[56],"viewer's":[59],"eye,":[60],"or":[63],"more":[64],"near":[65],"plane":[67],"of":[68,87,96,142],"lens.":[70],"Nonnegative":[71],"tensor":[72,103],"factorization":[73,104],"is":[74],"used":[75,186],"compress":[77],"field":[83,141],"into":[84,122],"set":[86],"masks":[88],"that":[89,176],"can":[90],"be":[91,178,185],"displayed":[92],"pair":[95],"commodity":[97],"LCD":[98],"panels.":[99],"By":[100],"constraining":[101],"preserve":[106],"only":[107],"those":[108],"rays":[110],"seen":[111],"viewer,":[114],"we":[115],"effectively":[116],"steer":[117],"narrow":[118],"high-resolution":[119],"viewing":[120],"cones":[121],"user's":[124],"eyes,":[125],"allowing":[126],"disparity,":[128],"parallax,":[130],"over":[138],"wide":[140],"view.":[143],"verify":[145],"experimentally":[148],"focusing":[150],"camera":[152],"at":[153],"different":[154],"depths":[155],"prototype":[158],"display,":[159],"establish":[160],"formal":[161],"upper":[162],"bounds":[163],"design's":[166],"range":[168],"diffraction-limited":[170],"performance,":[171],"discuss":[173],"practical":[174],"limitations":[175],"must":[177],"overcome":[179],"allow":[181],"device":[183],"human":[188],"observers.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}