{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067634864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485760.2485764","title":"Automatically generating tutorials to enable middle school children to learn programming independently","display_name":"Automatically generating tutorials to enable middle school children to learn programming independently","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067634864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485760.2485764","mag":"2067634864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2485760.2485764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485760.2485764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075233062","display_name":"Kyle J. Harms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-1029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyle J. Harms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008301979","display_name":"Dennis Cosgrove","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Cosgrove","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012238376","display_name":"Shannon Marie Gray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39661318","display_name":"Bard College","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrgt058","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39661318"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY","Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39661318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39661318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042259261","display_name":"Caitlin Kelleher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin Kelleher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075233062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9406218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snippet","display_name":"Snippet","score":0.9114380478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8489868640899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6083725690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6023185849189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5266361236572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.43246573209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.42870867252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3813095688819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3313652276992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2486737072467804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.10245439410209656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120538","display_name":"Snippet","level":2,"score":0.9114380478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8489868640899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6083725690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6023185849189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5266361236572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.43246573209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.42870867252349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3813095688819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3313652276992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2486737072467804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.10245439410209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2485760.2485764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2485760.2485764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1393947877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1054587","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312885","display_name":"Academy of Science of St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/00trjac21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586098591","https://openalex.org/W1815090327","https://openalex.org/W1991198816","https://openalex.org/W2010076961","https://openalex.org/W2052988310","https://openalex.org/W2057593084","https://openalex.org/W2073349317","https://openalex.org/W2079338956","https://openalex.org/W2082664493","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2092026779","https://openalex.org/W2093282353","https://openalex.org/W2100808978","https://openalex.org/W2100949523","https://openalex.org/W2102335485","https://openalex.org/W2115181155","https://openalex.org/W2122401044","https://openalex.org/W2123585764","https://openalex.org/W2130588354","https://openalex.org/W2135248415","https://openalex.org/W2139152022","https://openalex.org/W2139374478","https://openalex.org/W2139851638","https://openalex.org/W2141613588","https://openalex.org/W2151180068","https://openalex.org/W2151987636","https://openalex.org/W2152398144","https://openalex.org/W2156855876","https://openalex.org/W2160694571","https://openalex.org/W2161084920","https://openalex.org/W2162036325","https://openalex.org/W2171581899","https://openalex.org/W4244868732","https://openalex.org/W4402110003"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607713096","https://openalex.org/W3036724449","https://openalex.org/W2798329462","https://openalex.org/W1511521437","https://openalex.org/W3201315194","https://openalex.org/W4318980730","https://openalex.org/W4289376745","https://openalex.org/W2950904665","https://openalex.org/W2023083803","https://openalex.org/W2985134635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enabling":[0],"middle":[1,33],"school":[2,34],"children":[3,35,106],"to":[4,18,36,45,76,108,132],"learn":[5,48],"from":[6,40,60,90],"code":[7,41,58],"shared":[8,63],"on":[9,64,126],"the":[10,65,86,103,119],"internet":[11],"may":[12],"provide":[13],"computer":[14],"science":[15],"learning":[16,88],"opportunities":[17],"those":[19],"who":[20,117],"would":[21],"not":[22],"otherwise":[23],"have":[24],"them.":[25],"We":[26],"augmented":[27],"a":[28,61,96,127],"programming":[29,50,110],"environment":[30],"designed":[31],"for":[32],"automatically":[37,71,113,120],"generate":[38],"tutorials":[39,122],"snippets":[42,59],"in":[43,74,99],"order":[44,75],"help":[46],"users":[47,56],"new":[49,54,109],"skills.":[51],"In":[52],"our":[53,91],"system,":[55],"select":[57],"program":[62],"web":[66],"and":[67],"then":[68],"complete":[69],"an":[70],"generated":[72,92,114,121,135],"tutorial":[73],"re-create":[77],"that":[78],"snippet":[79],"within":[80],"their":[81],"own":[82],"program.":[83],"To":[84],"evaluate":[85],"potential":[87],"gains":[89],"tutorials,":[93],"we":[94,101],"conducted":[95],"between-subjects":[97],"study":[98],"which":[100],"evaluated":[102],"performance":[104],"of":[105],"introduced":[107],"constructs":[111],"through":[112],"tutorials.":[115,136],"Participants":[116],"used":[118],"performed":[123],"64%":[124],"better":[125],"near":[128],"transfer":[129],"task":[130],"compared":[131],"participants":[133],"without":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}