{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2050344266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2484313.2484384","title":"Covert computation","display_name":"Covert computation","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2050344266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2484313.2484384","mag":"2050344266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2484313.2484384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2484313.2484384","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055367812","display_name":"Sebastian Schrittwieser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-2022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Schrittwieser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria","Vienna University of technology, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of technology, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036400192","display_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3608-874X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany","[Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064355276","display_name":"Peter Kieseberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kieseberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052222572","display_name":"Markus Huber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-0363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Huber","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004568308","display_name":"Manuel Leithner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-1668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Leithner","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087346521","display_name":"Martin Mulazzani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Mulazzani","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083435816","display_name":"Edgar Weippl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Weippl","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055367812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88262856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"529","last_page":"534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9120187759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8511308431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6731786727905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6338950991630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.592719316482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5898774266242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.518300473690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39225679636001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3258577585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23651263117790222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9120187759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8511308431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6731786727905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6338950991630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.592719316482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5898774266242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.518300473690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39225679636001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3258577585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23651263117790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2484313.2484384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2484313.2484384","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200681053","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W1583484179","https://openalex.org/W1966150547","https://openalex.org/W2100198871","https://openalex.org/W2102550998","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2131523719","https://openalex.org/W2132504937","https://openalex.org/W2132874238","https://openalex.org/W2140747479","https://openalex.org/W2143807210","https://openalex.org/W2146567535","https://openalex.org/W2148888468","https://openalex.org/W2158167094","https://openalex.org/W2208886168","https://openalex.org/W2532550198","https://openalex.org/W2998066361","https://openalex.org/W4205241946","https://openalex.org/W4234604068","https://openalex.org/W4323237122","https://openalex.org/W6608206699","https://openalex.org/W6634033044","https://openalex.org/W6648516990","https://openalex.org/W6671777941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256304280","https://openalex.org/W4249009605","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W2395100307","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W3183826413","https://openalex.org/W4243179955","https://openalex.org/W3205001643","https://openalex.org/W2557742076","https://openalex.org/W1966145327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"malicious":[1,16,146],"software":[2],"gets":[3],"increasingly":[4],"sophisticated":[5],"and":[6,22,61,80,92,129],"resilient":[7],"to":[8,94,125,144],"detection,":[9],"new":[10],"concepts":[11],"for":[12],"the":[13,39,50,58,63,68,75,82,88,119,155],"identification":[14],"of":[15,36,41,65,77,84,115,157],"behavior":[17],"are":[18],"developed":[19],"by":[20,141],"academia":[21],"industry":[23],"alike.":[24],"While":[25],"today's":[26],"malware":[27,37,43,142,162],"detectors":[28],"primarily":[29],"focus":[30],"on":[31,54,67],"syntactical":[32],"analysis":[33],"(i.e.,":[34],"signatures":[35],"samples),":[38],"concept":[40,104],"semantic-aware":[42,161],"detection":[44],"has":[45],"recently":[46],"been":[47],"proposed.":[48],"Here,":[49],"classification":[51],"is":[52],"based":[53],"models":[55,79],"that":[56],"represent":[57],"underlying":[59],"machine":[60,93],"map":[62],"effects":[64,114],"instructions":[66],"hardware.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71,98,136],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,100,105,153],"demonstrate":[74,154],"incompleteness":[76],"these":[78],"highlight":[81],"threat":[83],"malware,":[85],"which":[86,109],"exploits":[87],"gap":[89],"between":[90],"model":[91],"stay":[95],"undetectable.":[96],"To":[97],"end,":[99],"introduce":[101],"a":[102,149],"novel":[103],"call":[106],"covert":[107,158],"computation,":[108],"implements":[110],"functionality":[111],"in":[112,148],"side":[113],"microprocessors.":[116],"For":[117],"instance,":[118],"flags":[120],"register":[121],"can":[122],"be":[123,139],"used":[124,140],"calculate":[126],"basic":[127],"arithmetical":[128],"logical":[130],"operations.":[131],"Our":[132],"paper":[133],"shows":[134],"how":[135],"technique":[137],"could":[138],"authors":[143],"hide":[145],"code":[147],"harmless-looking":[150],"program.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"resilience":[156],"computation":[159],"against":[160],"scanners.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}