{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058554556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483760.2483774","title":"Does automated white-box test generation really help software testers?","display_name":"Does automated white-box test generation really help software testers?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058554556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483760.2483774","mag":"2058554556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2483760.2483774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483760.2483774","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2483760.2483774","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2483760.2483774","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, UK","University of sheffield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008490992","display_name":"Matt Staats","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Staats","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, South Korea","KAIST,,South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST,,South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078598020","display_name":"Phil McMinn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phil McMinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, UK","University of sheffield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052735480","display_name":"Andrea Arcuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Arcuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, Norway","Simula Research Laboratory., Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory., Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070078265","display_name":"Frank Padberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7638-8310"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Padberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["KIT, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KIT, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079261847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99280576,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"291","last_page":"301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7565838098526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.62436842918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.5785170197486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.5773200988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5670223236083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-management-approach","display_name":"Test Management Approach","score":0.5666242241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.515557050704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-driven-testing","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","score":0.48699456453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-harness","display_name":"Test harness","score":0.4551255404949188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.43189725279808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.4293840527534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.418023020029068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.34136420488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3170523941516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23004966974258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2012469470500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12989646196365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.11955764889717102}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7565838098526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.62436842918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.5785170197486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.5773200988769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5670223236083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7435765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705776","display_name":"Test Management Approach","level":5,"score":0.5666242241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.515557050704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169168650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675637","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","level":5,"score":0.48699456453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109852812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2406355","display_name":"Test harness","level":5,"score":0.4551255404949188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43189725279808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.4293840527534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.418023020029068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.34136420488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3170523941516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23004966974258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2012469470500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12989646196365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.11955764889717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2483760.2483774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483760.2483774","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2483760.2483774","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:79647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.679.740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.679.740","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://staffwww.dcs.shef.ac.uk/people/G.Fraser/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/issta13_study.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/10971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/10971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSTA.  (2013).","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2483760.2483774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483760.2483774","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2483760.2483774","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2096367874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3264601377","display_name":"RE-COST: REducing the Cost of Oracles for Software Testing","funder_award_id":"EP/I010386/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5387689063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R31-30007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547320158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I010386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5515407205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I010386/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058554556.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058554556.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1562185237","https://openalex.org/W1965194038","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1976727279","https://openalex.org/W1977321274","https://openalex.org/W1992320755","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2018017297","https://openalex.org/W2022740380","https://openalex.org/W2028990673","https://openalex.org/W2037291277","https://openalex.org/W2037343293","https://openalex.org/W2041470132","https://openalex.org/W2047694629","https://openalex.org/W2054309922","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2074273322","https://openalex.org/W2082274331","https://openalex.org/W2082314913","https://openalex.org/W2092221178","https://openalex.org/W2099444174","https://openalex.org/W2104577574","https://openalex.org/W2105896632","https://openalex.org/W2109596254","https://openalex.org/W2110311336","https://openalex.org/W2111199933","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2131195347","https://openalex.org/W2136363516","https://openalex.org/W2143101641","https://openalex.org/W2163851162","https://openalex.org/W2172260321","https://openalex.org/W2611408422","https://openalex.org/W3148345308","https://openalex.org/W4388727850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126144212","https://openalex.org/W2188932121","https://openalex.org/W2284280744","https://openalex.org/W2395905280","https://openalex.org/W4389236635","https://openalex.org/W1548321523","https://openalex.org/W3092902075","https://openalex.org/W2111976569","https://openalex.org/W2593913080","https://openalex.org/W2153601374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"test":[1,7,123,184,198],"generation":[2,124,185,199],"techniques":[3],"can":[4],"efficiently":[5],"produce":[6],"data":[8],"that":[9,27,72],"systematically":[10],"cover":[11],"structural":[12],"aspects":[13],"of":[14,20,33,35,41,49,105,119,165],"a":[15,21,23,31,78,99,103],"program.":[16],"In":[17],"the":[18,36,39,47,50,70,73,84,117,154,163,180],"absence":[19],"specification,":[22],"common":[24],"assumption":[25,54],"is":[26,43],"these":[28],"tests":[29,111,115],"relieve":[30],"developer":[32],"most":[34],"work,":[37],"as":[38,145],"act":[40],"testing":[42],"reduced":[44],"to":[45,65,136,149,190],"checking":[46],"results":[48,172],"tests.":[51],"Although":[52],"this":[53,95],"has":[55,60,75],"persisted":[56],"for":[57],"decades,":[58],"there":[59,157],"been":[61],"no":[62,159],"conclusive":[63],"evidence":[64],"date":[66],"confirming":[67],"it.":[68],"However,":[69,152],"fact":[71],"approach":[74],"only":[76,174],"seen":[77],"limited":[79],"uptake":[80],"in":[81,139,162],"industry":[82],"suggests":[83],"contrary,":[85],"and":[86,113,192],"calls":[87],"into":[88],"question":[89],"its":[90],"practical":[91],"usefulness.":[92],"To":[93],"investigate":[94],"issue,":[96],"we":[97],"performed":[98],"controlled":[100],"experiment":[101],"comparing":[102],"total":[104],"49":[106],"subjects":[107],"split":[108],"between":[109],"writing":[110,114],"manually":[112],"with":[116],"aid":[118],"an":[120],"automated":[121,197],"unit":[122],"tool,":[125],"EvoSuite.":[126],"We":[127],"found":[128,168],"that,":[129],"on":[130,153,178],"one":[131],"hand,":[132,156],"tool":[133],"support":[134],"leads":[135],"clear":[137],"improvements":[138,191],"commonly":[140],"applied":[141],"quality":[142],"metrics":[143],"such":[144],"code":[146],"coverage":[147],"(up":[148],"300%":[150],"increase).":[151],"other":[155],"was":[158],"measurable":[160],"improvement":[161],"number":[164],"bugs":[166],"actually":[167],"by":[169,205],"developers.":[170],"Our":[171],"not":[173],"cast":[175],"some":[176],"doubt":[177],"how":[179],"research":[181],"community":[182],"evaluates":[183],"tools,":[186],"but":[187],"also":[188],"point":[189],"future":[193],"work":[194],"necessary":[195],"before":[196],"tools":[200],"will":[201],"be":[202],"widely":[203],"adopted":[204],"practitioners.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}