{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986345088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470718","title":"The efficacy of human post-editing for language translation","display_name":"The efficacy of human post-editing for language translation","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986345088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470718","mag":"1986345088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2470654.2470718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004988074","display_name":"Spence Green","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Spence Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090570042","display_name":"Jeffrey Heer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6175-1655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Heer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006076","display_name":"Christopher D. Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004988074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.8509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":190,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99704766,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"439","last_page":"448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8612015843391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8448302745819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.6780028343200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6317447423934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.5963066816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.5512899160385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-translation","display_name":"Computer-assisted translation","score":0.5484675765037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5276405215263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5245723724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5190247297286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5070626735687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.49537599086761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4841693043708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20924681425094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14682111144065857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8612015843391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8448302745819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.6780028343200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6317447423934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.5963066816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5512899160385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110046852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468495","display_name":"Computer-assisted translation","level":3,"score":0.5484675765037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5276405215263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5245723724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5190247297286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5070626735687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.49537599086761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4841693043708801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20924681425094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14682111144065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2470654.2470718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125190730","https://openalex.org/W144333925","https://openalex.org/W214995755","https://openalex.org/W293765883","https://openalex.org/W358659425","https://openalex.org/W570627446","https://openalex.org/W575470992","https://openalex.org/W652095014","https://openalex.org/W1507460855","https://openalex.org/W1606538849","https://openalex.org/W1724972948","https://openalex.org/W1972253352","https://openalex.org/W1972620750","https://openalex.org/W1979962431","https://openalex.org/W1986450680","https://openalex.org/W1986845215","https://openalex.org/W2032175749","https://openalex.org/W2032946087","https://openalex.org/W2034224543","https://openalex.org/W2048498434","https://openalex.org/W2049774111","https://openalex.org/W2050712269","https://openalex.org/W2057235967","https://openalex.org/W2078575455","https://openalex.org/W2087217001","https://openalex.org/W2087735403","https://openalex.org/W2090960387","https://openalex.org/W2099737847","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2104798880","https://openalex.org/W2106817091","https://openalex.org/W2125001590","https://openalex.org/W2132214281","https://openalex.org/W2133102719","https://openalex.org/W2143539737","https://openalex.org/W2146707041","https://openalex.org/W2148453313","https://openalex.org/W2152065754","https://openalex.org/W2156011021","https://openalex.org/W2169128753","https://openalex.org/W2250390011","https://openalex.org/W2480550789","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2588877501","https://openalex.org/W2783135427","https://openalex.org/W3104922922","https://openalex.org/W3213919616","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4405533006","https://openalex.org/W7014670630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W2587602790","https://openalex.org/W2122287718","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2740094425","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2771528947","https://openalex.org/W4226215123","https://openalex.org/W2610061099","https://openalex.org/W2566516706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"translation":[1,17,40,105,128],"is":[2],"slow":[3],"and":[4,22,61,82,87,107],"expensive,":[5],"so":[6],"various":[7],"forms":[8],"of":[9,30,49,59,89,101,125],"machine":[10,16,50],"assistance":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13],"devised.":[14],"Automatic":[15],"systems":[18],"process":[19],"text":[20,99],"quickly":[21],"cheaply,":[23],"but":[24],"with":[25],"quality":[26,37,72],"far":[27],"below":[28],"that":[29,63,93,108],"skilled":[31],"human":[32],"translators.":[33],"To":[34],"bridge":[35],"this":[36],"gap,":[38],"the":[39,46,54,123],"industry":[41],"has":[42],"investigated":[43],"post-editing,":[44],"or":[45],"manual":[47],"correction":[48],"output.":[51],"We":[52],"present":[53],"first":[55],"rigorous,":[56],"controlled":[57],"analysis":[58],"post-editing":[60,64,109],"find":[62],"leads":[65],"to":[66,79],"reduced":[67],"time":[68],"and,":[69],"surprisingly,":[70],"improved":[71],"for":[73,122],"three":[74],"diverse":[75],"language":[76,127],"pairs":[77],"(English":[78],"Arabic,":[80],"French,":[81],"German).":[83],"Our":[84],"statistical":[85],"models":[86],"visualizations":[88],"experimental":[90],"data":[91],"indicate":[92],"some":[94],"simple":[95],"predictors":[96],"(like":[97],"source":[98],"part":[100],"speech":[102],"counts)":[103],"predict":[104],"time,":[106],"results":[110,118],"in":[111],"very":[112],"different":[113],"interaction":[114],"patterns.":[115],"From":[116],"these":[117],"we":[119],"distill":[120],"implications":[121],"design":[124],"new":[126],"interfaces.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}