{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003056114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2465787.2465794","title":"Survey of Stochastic Computing","display_name":"Survey of Stochastic Computing","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003056114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2465787.2465794","mag":"2003056114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2465787.2465794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2465787.2465794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038032703","display_name":"Armin Alaghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2055-6754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Armin Alaghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan","(University of Michigan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Michigan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995490","display_name":"John P. Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan","(University of Michigan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Michigan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038032703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.3389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":569,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99859648,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2s","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.8533080816268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7603734731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7489844560623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7393531203269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6627651453018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5953960418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5865711569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5216943621635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5107057690620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4804513156414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-decision-diagram","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","score":0.456381618976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.43914854526519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.321161150932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1459454894065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14560064673423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.14519616961479187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.8533080816268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7603734731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7489844560623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7393531203269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6627651453018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5953960418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5865711569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5216943621635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5107057690620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4804513156414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.456381618976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.43914854526519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.321161150932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1459454894065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14560064673423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.14519616961479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2465787.2465794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2465787.2465794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.296.4448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.296.4448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~jhayes/Alaghi_Hayes_Survey_of_SC_Dec-11.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.724.6359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.724.6359","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.eecs.umich.edu/%7Ejhayes/Alaghi_Survey_TECS_2013.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7927969025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1017142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W992839431","https://openalex.org/W1497546894","https://openalex.org/W1521406110","https://openalex.org/W1575553988","https://openalex.org/W1805923393","https://openalex.org/W1914270389","https://openalex.org/W1968010872","https://openalex.org/W2019751845","https://openalex.org/W2031267166","https://openalex.org/W2032899841","https://openalex.org/W2035279479","https://openalex.org/W2058219874","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2099643334","https://openalex.org/W2099690171","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2109143260","https://openalex.org/W2114997074","https://openalex.org/W2116676915","https://openalex.org/W2118412406","https://openalex.org/W2122569148","https://openalex.org/W2127504564","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2133550085","https://openalex.org/W2134159825","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2141147510","https://openalex.org/W2143612236","https://openalex.org/W2149400686","https://openalex.org/W2149798743","https://openalex.org/W2150110803","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2152209459","https://openalex.org/W2156938362","https://openalex.org/W2161057417","https://openalex.org/W2166029726","https://openalex.org/W2169745782","https://openalex.org/W2171060285","https://openalex.org/W2171218908","https://openalex.org/W2289656557","https://openalex.org/W2296101864","https://openalex.org/W2296253867","https://openalex.org/W2320719351","https://openalex.org/W2338694247","https://openalex.org/W2497735908","https://openalex.org/W2532947354","https://openalex.org/W2539850963","https://openalex.org/W2602894751","https://openalex.org/W3135109640","https://openalex.org/W3182208082","https://openalex.org/W4233308849","https://openalex.org/W4247959538","https://openalex.org/W4256648168","https://openalex.org/W6684460962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391183369","https://openalex.org/W4226092179","https://openalex.org/W4306791972","https://openalex.org/W2028049138","https://openalex.org/W4400134053","https://openalex.org/W2910319223","https://openalex.org/W4390846322","https://openalex.org/W3212867030","https://openalex.org/W1740594162","https://openalex.org/W2946056769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0],"computing":[1],"(SC)":[2],"was":[3,39,57],"proposed":[4],"in":[5,19,26,44,79,93,120],"the":[6,27,45,104,126,130,143,159],"1960s":[7],"as":[8,59],"a":[9,40,84,100],"low-cost":[10],"alternative":[11],"to":[12,76,86,172],"conventional":[13,118],"binary":[14],"computing.":[15],"It":[16],"is":[17],"unique":[18],"that":[20,169],"it":[21],"represents":[22],"and":[23,50,67,82,89,109,128,137,148,152,164],"processes":[24],"information":[25],"form":[28],"of":[29,62,112,133,145,158,162],"digitized":[30],"probabilities.":[31],"SC":[32,56,98,113,163],"employs":[33],"very":[34,63],"low-complexity":[35],"arithmetic":[36],"units":[37],"which":[38],"primary":[41],"design":[42,144],"concern":[43],"past.":[46],"Despite":[47],"this":[48],"advantage":[49],"also":[51],"its":[52],"inherent":[53],"error":[54,107],"tolerance,":[55],"seen":[58],"impractical":[60],"because":[61],"long":[64],"computation":[65],"times":[66],"relatively":[68],"low":[69],"accuracy.":[70],"However,":[71],"current":[72],"technology":[73],"trends":[74],"tend":[75],"increase":[77],"uncertainty":[78],"circuit":[80,138],"behavior":[81],"imply":[83],"need":[85],"better":[87],"understand,":[88],"perhaps":[90],"exploit,":[91],"probability":[92],"computation.":[94],"This":[95],"article":[96],"surveys":[97],"from":[99],"modern":[101],"perspective":[102],"where":[103],"small":[105],"size,":[106],"resilience,":[108],"probabilistic":[110],"features":[111],"may":[114],"compete":[115],"successfully":[116],"with":[117],"methodologies":[119],"certain":[121],"applications.":[122],"First,":[123],"we":[124,155],"survey":[125],"literature":[127],"review":[129],"key":[131],"concepts":[132],"stochastic":[134],"number":[135],"representation":[136],"structure.":[139],"We":[140],"then":[141],"describe":[142],"SC-based":[146],"circuits":[147],"evaluate":[149],"their":[150],"advantages":[151],"disadvantages.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"give":[156],"examples":[157],"potential":[160],"applications":[161],"discuss":[165],"some":[166],"practical":[167],"problems":[168],"are":[170],"yet":[171],"be":[173],"solved.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}