{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010216838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2463585.2463589","title":"Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM)","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM)","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010216838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2463585.2463589","mag":"2010216838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2463585.2463589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2463585.2463589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020190360","display_name":"Dmytro Apalkov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dmytro Apalkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025005149","display_name":"A. V. Khvalkovskiy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Khvalkovskiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014479355","display_name":"Steven Watts","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Watts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072842195","display_name":"V. Nikitin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-9483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Nikitin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110575961","display_name":"Xueti Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueti Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028392060","display_name":"D. K. Lottis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Lottis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kiseok Moon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiseok Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiao Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110914801","display_name":"Eugene Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-3350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111594691","display_name":"Adrian Ong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111808576","display_name":"A. Driskill-Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Driskill-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054194725","display_name":"M. Krounbi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863982854","display_name":"Egis (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t1k2015","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Krounbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grandis Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grandis Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020190360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863982854"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.6803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":483,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99508341,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12405","display_name":"Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.9527384042739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.7419334053993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.6823112368583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.5535250902175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-memory","display_name":"Universal memory","score":0.5436649918556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.5276877880096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4773963987827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.46512672305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.463226318359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.45718666911125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3813649117946625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.37298303842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-refresh","display_name":"Memory refresh","score":0.3524816632270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.340065598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3042958080768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27344727516174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.193679541349411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.13888540863990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11086693406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.08739089965820312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.9527384042739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.7419334053993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.6823112368583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.5535250902175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195053848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894141","display_name":"Universal memory","level":5,"score":0.5436649918556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.5276877880096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4773963987827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.46512672305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.463226318359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45718666911125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3813649117946625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.37298303842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.3524816632270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.340065598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3042958080768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27344727516174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.193679541349411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.13888540863990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11086693406105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.08739089965820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2463585.2463589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2463585.2463589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2038108944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70NANB7H7012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5018290113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"740877, 924041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964504828","https://openalex.org/W1969117606","https://openalex.org/W1969200114","https://openalex.org/W1971684003","https://openalex.org/W1973382704","https://openalex.org/W1991813033","https://openalex.org/W1992032696","https://openalex.org/W1992140394","https://openalex.org/W1993991717","https://openalex.org/W1995771228","https://openalex.org/W2001129790","https://openalex.org/W2003671162","https://openalex.org/W2004696080","https://openalex.org/W2005210361","https://openalex.org/W2010704774","https://openalex.org/W2013563202","https://openalex.org/W2014987330","https://openalex.org/W2024149498","https://openalex.org/W2038941060","https://openalex.org/W2039780806","https://openalex.org/W2048109044","https://openalex.org/W2048816704","https://openalex.org/W2057132064","https://openalex.org/W2071976647","https://openalex.org/W2083675041","https://openalex.org/W2086742438","https://openalex.org/W2092902282","https://openalex.org/W2096445739","https://openalex.org/W2101717804","https://openalex.org/W2101795120","https://openalex.org/W2103214300","https://openalex.org/W2118870365","https://openalex.org/W2138449721","https://openalex.org/W2148233578","https://openalex.org/W2156728623","https://openalex.org/W2163283381","https://openalex.org/W2165291203","https://openalex.org/W2543205889","https://openalex.org/W3100496121","https://openalex.org/W3143740944","https://openalex.org/W4229800208","https://openalex.org/W4240839437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064720608","https://openalex.org/W4235980920","https://openalex.org/W2765485815","https://openalex.org/W3212958336","https://openalex.org/W3147114239","https://openalex.org/W2010216838","https://openalex.org/W2620690195","https://openalex.org/W3136027979","https://openalex.org/W1998340208","https://openalex.org/W2903040985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spin-transfer":[0],"torque":[1],"magnetic":[2,10,74],"random":[3],"access":[4,92],"memory":[5,11,24,33],"(STT-MRAM)":[6],"is":[7,71,80,141],"a":[8,30,73,142,156],"novel,":[9],"technology":[12,144,178],"that":[13,79,133,145,173],"leverages":[14],"the":[15,102,112,138],"base":[16],"platform":[17],"established":[18],"by":[19],"an":[20,83,99,151],"existing":[21,59,103],"100+nm":[22],"node":[23],"product":[25,191],"called":[26],"MRAM":[27],"to":[28,154],"enable":[29],"scalable":[31],"nonvolatile":[32,157],"solution":[34,158],"for":[35,150],"advanced":[36],"process":[37],"nodes.":[38,195],"STT-MRAM":[39,70,104,135,152,170,177],"features":[40],"fast":[41],"read":[42],"and":[43,52,56,61,109,125,190],"write":[44],"times,":[45],"small":[46,66],"cell":[47,78,153,188],"sizes":[48],"of":[49,89,101,120,176],"6F":[50],"2":[51],"potentially":[53],"even":[54,186],"smaller,":[55],"compatibility":[57],"with":[58,64,126],"DRAM":[60,160],"SRAM":[62,162],"architecture":[63],"relatively":[65],"associated":[67],"cost":[68],"added.":[69],"essentially":[72],"multilayer":[75],"resistive":[76],"element":[77],"fabricated":[81],"as":[82,114,116],"additional":[84],"metal":[85],"layer":[86],"on":[87],"top":[88],"conventional":[90,148],"CMOS":[91],"transistors.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95,174],"review":[96],"we":[97],"give":[98],"overview":[100],"technologies":[105],"currently":[106],"in":[107,168],"research":[108],"development":[110],"across":[111],"world,":[113],"well":[115],"some":[117],"specific":[118],"discussion":[119],"results":[121],"obtained":[122],"at":[123,193],"Grandis":[124],"our":[127],"foundry":[128],"partners.":[129],"We":[130],"will":[131],"show":[132],"in-plane":[134],"technology,":[136],"particularly":[137],"DMTJ":[139],"design,":[140],"mature":[143],"meets":[146],"all":[147],"requirements":[149],"be":[155],"matching":[159],"and/or":[161],"drive":[163],"circuitry.":[164],"Exciting":[165],"recent":[166],"developments":[167],"perpendicular":[169],"also":[171],"indicate":[172],"type":[175],"may":[179],"reach":[180],"maturity":[181],"faster":[182],"than":[183],"expected,":[184],"allowing":[185],"smaller":[187,194],"size":[189],"introduction":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}