{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151035893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461943","title":"Gradient-domain metropolis light transport","display_name":"Gradient-domain metropolis light transport","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151035893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461943","mag":"2151035893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2461912.2461943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103009697","display_name":"Jaakko Lehtinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-4944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaakko Lehtinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA Research and Aalto University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA Research and Aalto University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004093189","display_name":"Tero Karras","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tero Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029831111","display_name":"Samuli Laine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuli Laine","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048526734","display_name":"Miika Aittala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0988-5397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miika Aittala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University and NVIDIA Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University and NVIDIA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075155488","display_name":"Fr\u00e9do Durand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-069X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9do Durand","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080133323","display_name":"Timo Aila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-4438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Aila","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98863105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7589074373245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.6375247836112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-illumination","display_name":"Global illumination","score":0.6151391267776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6035603880882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5654276013374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.534114420413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poissons-equation","display_name":"Poisson's equation","score":0.520024299621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-tracing","display_name":"Path tracing","score":0.4827384352684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4791231155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4749864637851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4381413459777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4331441819667816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3612791895866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12767371535301208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7589074373245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6375247836112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89720835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531701","display_name":"Global illumination","level":3,"score":0.6151391267776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6035603880882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5654276013374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.534114420413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96716743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827688","display_name":"Poisson's equation","level":2,"score":0.520024299621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110541219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72948","display_name":"Path tracing","level":3,"score":0.4827384352684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4791231155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4749864637851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4381413459777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4331441819667816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3612791895866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12767371535301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2461912.2461943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7364572490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CGV 1116303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321394","display_name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607198972","https://openalex.org/W1755572302","https://openalex.org/W1965660519","https://openalex.org/W1980966337","https://openalex.org/W2008693968","https://openalex.org/W2038630728","https://openalex.org/W2046872971","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2061174640","https://openalex.org/W2066476997","https://openalex.org/W2070604790","https://openalex.org/W2095766270","https://openalex.org/W2098077797","https://openalex.org/W2113288858","https://openalex.org/W2114245607","https://openalex.org/W2116671147","https://openalex.org/W2120838001","https://openalex.org/W2138309709","https://openalex.org/W2139189324","https://openalex.org/W2150868589","https://openalex.org/W2161328579","https://openalex.org/W2169338358","https://openalex.org/W2292557526","https://openalex.org/W2296715196","https://openalex.org/W2997095758","https://openalex.org/W3015136933","https://openalex.org/W3140968660","https://openalex.org/W6697034865","https://openalex.org/W7048060829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902083801","https://openalex.org/W4376115546","https://openalex.org/W2397912953","https://openalex.org/W2124439461","https://openalex.org/W4281488350","https://openalex.org/W594203187","https://openalex.org/W3116556529","https://openalex.org/W4388994528","https://openalex.org/W2405374556","https://openalex.org/W2121072877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,57],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,22,30],"novel":[3],"Metropolis":[4,45],"rendering":[5],"algorithm":[6,49],"that":[7,59],"directly":[8],"computes":[9],"image":[10,16,35],"gradients,":[11],"and":[12,79],"reconstructs":[13],"the":[14,18,34,63,73,83],"final":[15],"from":[17],"gradients":[19],"by":[20,29],"solving":[21],"Poisson":[23],"equation.":[24],"The":[25],"reconstruction":[26],"is":[27,50],"aided":[28],"low-fidelity":[31],"approximation":[32],"of":[33,43,76],"computed":[36],"during":[37],"gradient":[38],"sampling.":[39,86],"As":[40],"an":[41],"extension":[42],"path-space":[44],"light":[46],"transport,":[47],"our":[48,60],"well":[51],"suited":[52],"for":[53],"difficult":[54],"transport":[55],"scenarios.":[56],"demonstrate":[58],"method":[61],"outperforms":[62],"state-of-the-art":[64],"in":[65],"several":[66],"well-known":[67],"test":[68],"scenes.":[69],"Additionally,":[70],"we":[71],"analyze":[72],"spectral":[74],"properties":[75],"gradient-domain":[77],"sampling,":[78],"compare":[80],"it":[81],"to":[82],"traditional":[84],"image-domain":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
