{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042778609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2459976.2459985","title":"Interlocking obfuscation for anti-tamper hardware","display_name":"Interlocking obfuscation for anti-tamper hardware","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042778609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2459976.2459985","mag":"2042778609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2459976.2459985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2459976.2459985","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059315225","display_name":"Avinash R. Desai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Avinash R. Desai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108516165","display_name":"Michael S. Hsiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Hsiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406890","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055219256","display_name":"Leyla Nazhandali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leyla Nazhandali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077048234","display_name":"Simin Hall","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simin Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059315225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9163652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8631614446640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.734787106513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.65098637342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6271418333053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5849779844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5005567073822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4993734359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4894510805606842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4638298749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.424618661403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41409480571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1998823881149292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8631614446640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.734787106513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.65098637342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6271418333053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5849779844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5005567073822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4993734359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4894510805606842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4638298749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.424618661403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41409480571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1998823881149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2459976.2459985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2459976.2459985","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.873.5132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.873.5132","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.faculty.ece.vt.edu/chaowang/pubDOC/DesaiHWNH13.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994429123","https://openalex.org/W2070402310","https://openalex.org/W2087383270","https://openalex.org/W2103196322","https://openalex.org/W2132585737","https://openalex.org/W2135211381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321192641","https://openalex.org/W4230279121","https://openalex.org/W3161810757","https://openalex.org/W4311968354","https://openalex.org/W2167384606","https://openalex.org/W2564565181","https://openalex.org/W3195179447","https://openalex.org/W1546974984","https://openalex.org/W2785858912","https://openalex.org/W4304141708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tampering":[0],"and":[1,54,146],"Reverse":[2],"Engineering":[3],"of":[4,30,44,102,118,135,143,157,178],"a":[5,21,107,115,126,158,210],"chip":[6,38],"to":[7,16,27,33,48,51,65,85,95,98,110,203],"extract":[8],"the":[9,41,45,52,58,66,83,87,99,103,119,132,136,141,147,155,170,175,179,195,204,214,227,233],"hardware":[10],"Intellectual":[11],"Property":[12],"(IP)":[13],"core":[14],"or":[15],"inject":[17],"malicious":[18,63],"alterations":[19],"is":[20,138,150,167,172,186],"major":[22],"concern.":[23],"Digital":[24],"systems":[25],"susceptible":[26],"tampering":[28,113],"are":[29],"immense":[31],"concern":[32],"defense":[34,88,239],"organizations.":[35],"First,":[36],"offshore":[37],"manufacturing":[39],"allows":[40],"design":[42,67,205],"secrets":[43],"IP":[46],"cores":[47],"be":[49,70,123,192],"transparent":[50],"foundry":[53],"other":[55,199],"entities":[56],"along":[57],"production":[59],"chain.":[60],"Second,":[61],"small":[62,189],"modifications":[64],"may":[68],"not":[69],"detectable":[71],"after":[72],"fabrication":[73],"without":[74],"anti-tamper":[75],"mechanisms.":[76],"Some":[77],"techniques":[78],"have":[79],"been":[80],"developed":[81],"in":[82,213],"past":[84],"improve":[86],"against":[89,112,241],"such":[90],"attacks":[91,242],"but":[92],"they":[93],"tend":[94],"fall":[96],"prey":[97],"increasing":[100],"power":[101],"attacker.":[104],"We":[105],"present":[106],"new":[108],"way":[109],"protect":[111],"by":[114],"clever":[116],"obfuscation":[117,171],"design,":[120],"which":[121],"can":[122],"unlocked":[124],"with":[125,140,243],"specific,":[127],"dynamic":[128],"path":[129],"traversal.":[130],"Hence,":[131],"functional":[133,148],"mode":[134,149],"controller":[137],"hidden":[139],"help":[142],"obfuscated":[144,196],"states,":[145],"made":[151],"operational":[152],"only":[153],"on":[154,219],"formation":[156],"specific":[159],"interlocked":[160],"Code-Word":[161],"during":[162],"state":[163,180],"transition.":[164],"No":[165],"comparator":[166],"needed":[168],"as":[169,209],"embedded":[173],"within":[174],"transition":[176],"function":[177],"machine":[181],"itself.":[182],"A":[183],"side":[184],"benefit":[185],"that":[187,232],"any":[188],"alteration":[190,202],"will":[191,206],"magnified":[193],"via":[194],"design.":[197],"In":[198],"words,":[200],"an":[201,220],"manifest":[207],"itself":[208],"large":[211],"difference":[212],"circuit's":[215],"functionality.":[216],"Experimental":[217],"results":[218],"Advanced":[221],"Encryption":[222],"Standard":[223],"(AES)":[224],"circuit":[225],"from":[226],"open-source":[228],"IP-cores":[229],"suite":[230],"suggest":[231],"proposed":[234],"method":[235],"provides":[236],"better":[237],"active":[238],"mechanisms":[240],"nominal":[244],"(7.8%)":[245],"area":[246],"overhead.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
