{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052854541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2421001","title":"Lines of malicious code","display_name":"Lines of malicious code","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052854541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2421001","mag":"2052854541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2420950.2421001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2421001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3438722","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009694552","display_name":"Martina Lindorfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-4481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134318","display_name":"University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03gbw6p94","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134318"]}],"countries":["AT","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Lindorfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology","Vienna University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447422","display_name":"Alessandro Di Federico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-4315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Di Federico","raw_affiliation_strings":["NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055678575","display_name":"Federico Maggi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1073-8036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Maggi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064772336","display_name":"Paolo Milani Comparetti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105891","display_name":"LightLine Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/019ybb567","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Milani Comparetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lastline, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lastline, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105891"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046604572","display_name":"Stefano Zanero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Zanero","raw_affiliation_strings":["NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NECSTLab, PoliMi, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89255676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"349","last_page":"358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9567608833312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7637959718704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.694952666759491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6194483637809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6019580364227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5872243642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.5156089663505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.4488834738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.44191548228263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3871460258960724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.22865721583366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.22675222158432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1179015040397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09610319137573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.08253553509712219}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9567608833312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7637959718704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.694952666759491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6194483637809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6019580364227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5872243642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.5156089663505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.4488834738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.44191548228263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3871460258960724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22865721583366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.22675222158432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1179015040397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09610319137573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08253553509712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2420950.2421001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2421001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/699545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/699545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3438722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3438722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3438722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3438722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320126135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"257007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","funder_display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85077918","https://openalex.org/W191656338","https://openalex.org/W1503224444","https://openalex.org/W1525120920","https://openalex.org/W1531782611","https://openalex.org/W1570974058","https://openalex.org/W1580559113","https://openalex.org/W1604459715","https://openalex.org/W1690253345","https://openalex.org/W1910686388","https://openalex.org/W1994344180","https://openalex.org/W1996646428","https://openalex.org/W2018175892","https://openalex.org/W2096921767","https://openalex.org/W2101451533","https://openalex.org/W2120215974","https://openalex.org/W2120297918","https://openalex.org/W2126734536","https://openalex.org/W2128389850","https://openalex.org/W2134385885","https://openalex.org/W2138644293","https://openalex.org/W2140807364","https://openalex.org/W2145056020","https://openalex.org/W2151300580","https://openalex.org/W2160637255","https://openalex.org/W2167671111","https://openalex.org/W2168519318","https://openalex.org/W2211880739","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2519944239","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249009605","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W4256304280","https://openalex.org/W2395100307","https://openalex.org/W3183826413","https://openalex.org/W4243179955","https://openalex.org/W2968504645","https://openalex.org/W3205001643","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W2557742076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malicious":[0],"software":[1,31,77],"installed":[2],"on":[3,51],"infected":[4],"computers":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,73],"fundamental":[8],"component":[9],"of":[10,24,47,69],"online":[11],"crime.":[12],"Malware":[13,26],"development":[14,78],"thus":[15],"plays":[16],"an":[17],"essential":[18],"role":[19],"in":[20],"the":[21,67,76],"underground":[22],"economy":[23],"cyber-crime.":[25],"authors":[27],"regularly":[28],"update":[29],"their":[30],"to":[32,36,63],"defeat":[33],"defenses":[34],"or":[35,39],"support":[37],"new":[38],"improved":[40],"criminal":[41],"business":[42],"models.":[43],"A":[44],"large":[45],"body":[46],"research":[48],"has":[49],"focused":[50],"detecting":[52],"malware,":[53],"defending":[54],"against":[55],"it":[56],"and":[57],"identifying":[58],"its":[59],"functionality.":[60],"In":[61],"addition":[62],"these":[64],"goals,":[65],"however,":[66],"analysis":[68],"malware":[70],"can":[71],"provide":[72],"glimpse":[74],"into":[75],"industry":[79],"that":[80],"develops":[81],"malicious":[82],"code.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}