{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107816859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2420957","title":"Practicality of accelerometer side channels on smartphones","display_name":"Practicality of accelerometer side channels on smartphones","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107816859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2420957","mag":"2107816859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2420950.2420957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2420957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009788320","display_name":"Adam J. Aviv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam J. Aviv","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania","#N# * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014258241","display_name":"Benjamin Sapp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Sapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania","#N# * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017589378","display_name":"Matt Blaze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Blaze","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania","#N# * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104018094","display_name":"Jonathan M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania","#N# * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.7461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":234,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99699746,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"41","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.9400454163551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7797291278839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7159165143966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6392646431922913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6299351453781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.5392455458641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.47269582748413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-application","display_name":"Android application","score":0.44851285219192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4220714271068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3906796872615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3427245020866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3193531036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15901362895965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.09454581141471863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.9400454163551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7797291278839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7159165143966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6392646431922913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6299351453781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.5392455458641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.47269582748413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017891749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android application","level":3,"score":0.44851285219192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4220714271068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3906796872615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3427245020866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3193531036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15901362895965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.09454581141471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2420950.2420957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2420950.2420957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98188630","https://openalex.org/W170161968","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1520252399","https://openalex.org/W1533974647","https://openalex.org/W1549577837","https://openalex.org/W1626992774","https://openalex.org/W1955645522","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W1987710423","https://openalex.org/W2026565435","https://openalex.org/W2026654389","https://openalex.org/W2048740536","https://openalex.org/W2053008565","https://openalex.org/W2074367177","https://openalex.org/W2090465075","https://openalex.org/W2099305880","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2105046342","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2121221235","https://openalex.org/W2129480985","https://openalex.org/W2129629834","https://openalex.org/W2131522727","https://openalex.org/W2147780311","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2294170611","https://openalex.org/W2400528202","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W3001645704","https://openalex.org/W4255601674","https://openalex.org/W6604091132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W327645657","https://openalex.org/W2012891774","https://openalex.org/W4229710179","https://openalex.org/W4298063370","https://openalex.org/W2482892055","https://openalex.org/W2965382761","https://openalex.org/W4299620683","https://openalex.org/W2464350861","https://openalex.org/W3092209205","https://openalex.org/W4253505977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"smartphones":[1,72],"are":[2,160],"equipped":[3],"with":[4],"a":[5,11,25,48,74,85,146],"plethora":[6],"of":[7,14,18,88,131,137,149,168,173,184],"sensors":[8,20],"that":[9,39,191],"enable":[10],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"interactions,":[15],"but":[16],"some":[17],"these":[19],"can":[21,43,123,164],"be":[22,45,195],"employed":[23,46],"as":[24,47,68],"side":[26,50],"channel":[27],"to":[28,56,61,70],"surreptitiously":[29],"learn":[30,62],"about":[31],"user":[32,63],"input.":[33],"In":[34,117,155],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37,53,100],"show":[38],"the":[40,58,127,132,138,169,174,182],"accelerometer":[41,59,107],"sensor":[42,60],"also":[44],"high-bandwidth":[49],"channel;":[51],"particularly,":[52],"demonstrate":[54],"how":[55],"use":[57],"tap-":[64],"and":[65,95,113,134,152,171,189,200],"gesture-based":[66],"input":[67],"required":[69],"unlock":[71],"using":[73],"PIN/password":[75],"or":[76],"Android's":[77],"graphical":[78],"password":[79],"pattern.":[80],"Using":[81],"data":[82],"collected":[83],"from":[84,145],"diverse":[86],"group":[87],"24":[89],"users":[90,159],"in":[91],"controlled":[92,118],"(while":[93,97],"sitting)":[94],"uncontrolled":[96,156],"walking)":[98],"settings,":[99,119,157],"develop":[101],"sample":[102],"rate":[103],"independent":[104],"features":[105],"for":[106],"readings":[108],"based":[109],"on":[110,124],"signal":[111],"processing":[112],"polynomial":[114],"fitting":[115],"techniques.":[116],"our":[120,162],"prediction":[121],"model":[122,163],"average":[125],"classify":[126,166],"PIN":[128],"entered":[129],"43%":[130],"time":[133,139],"pattern":[135],"73%":[136],"within":[140,176],"5":[141,177],"attempts":[142],"when":[143],"selecting":[144],"test":[147],"set":[148],"50":[150,153],"PINs":[151,170],"patterns.":[154],"while":[158],"walking,":[161],"still":[165],"20%":[167],"40%":[172],"patterns":[175],"attempts.":[178],"We":[179],"additionally":[180],"explore":[181],"possibility":[183],"constructing":[185],"an":[186],"accelerometer-reading-to-input":[187],"dictionary":[188],"find":[190],"such":[192],"dictionaries":[193],"would":[194],"greatly":[196],"challenged":[197],"by":[198],"movement-noise":[199],"cross-user":[201],"training.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}