{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153833282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2388936.2388948","title":"The cardiac pacemaker case study and its implementation in safety-critical Java and Ravenscar Ada","display_name":"The cardiac pacemaker case study and its implementation in safety-critical Java and Ravenscar Ada","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153833282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2388936.2388948","mag":"2153833282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2388936.2388948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2388936.2388948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022556282","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111427364","display_name":"Andy Wellings","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Wellings","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073408099","display_name":"Ana Cavalcanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-1976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Cavalcanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022556282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91407461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8338061571121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5340745449066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrency","display_name":"Concurrency","score":0.5254158973693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.516982913017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4832787811756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polling","display_name":"Polling","score":0.4593127369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3241603970527649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8338061571121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5340745449066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.5254158973693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.516982913017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4832787811756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204854418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362921","display_name":"Polling","level":2,"score":0.4593127369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3241603970527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2388936.2388948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2388936.2388948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7074731221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H017461/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32948645","https://openalex.org/W39911739","https://openalex.org/W1483063212","https://openalex.org/W1588641656","https://openalex.org/W1603602584","https://openalex.org/W1717223777","https://openalex.org/W1971949651","https://openalex.org/W2000909537","https://openalex.org/W2012152371","https://openalex.org/W2021682354","https://openalex.org/W2064849992","https://openalex.org/W2068563976","https://openalex.org/W2089070459","https://openalex.org/W2106901380","https://openalex.org/W2118238131","https://openalex.org/W2125673566","https://openalex.org/W2128835097","https://openalex.org/W2166230870","https://openalex.org/W2416267182","https://openalex.org/W2481282880","https://openalex.org/W2502481511","https://openalex.org/W2624914479","https://openalex.org/W2729457268","https://openalex.org/W4234409651","https://openalex.org/W4245725014","https://openalex.org/W4253543873","https://openalex.org/W6601634728","https://openalex.org/W6635452490","https://openalex.org/W6827237132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076641224","https://openalex.org/W2987499578","https://openalex.org/W4205624458","https://openalex.org/W2462076241","https://openalex.org/W4230797417","https://openalex.org/W4386075345","https://openalex.org/W2511501630","https://openalex.org/W2392717539","https://openalex.org/W2164895946","https://openalex.org/W1499408262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"cardiac":[1],"pacemaker":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,56,67,93,120,147,160,171],"case":[7,36],"study":[8,37],"for":[9,15,62,81,88,127,139],"evaluating":[10],"the":[11,16,31,40,59,70,83,97,124,128,144,153,167,178],"effectiveness":[12],"of":[13,20,33,43,58,69,85,146,156],"techniques":[14],"verification":[17],"and":[18,64,107],"design":[19],"embedded":[21],"systems":[22,51],"with":[23],"complex":[24,163],"control":[25],"requirements.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"reports":[29],"on":[30],"experiences":[32],"using":[34],"this":[35,117,157],"to":[38,112,164,176],"evaluate":[39],"concurrency":[41],"model":[42],"two":[44],"programming":[45],"language":[46],"subsets":[47],"that":[48,80],"target":[49],"safety-critical":[50],"development:":[52],"Safety-Critical":[53],"Java":[54],"(SCJ),":[55],"subset":[57,68],"Real-Time":[60],"Specification":[61],"Java,":[63],"Ravenscar":[65,136],"Ada,":[66],"real-time":[71],"support":[72,87,138],"provided":[73],"by":[74],"Ada":[75,168],"2005.":[76],"Our":[77],"conclusions":[78],"are":[79,132,159],"SCJ,":[82],"lack":[84],"explicit":[86],"watch-dog":[89],"timers":[90],"results":[91,118],"in":[92,119,174],"software":[94,130],"architecture":[95,131],"where":[96],"time":[98],"at":[99],"which":[100],"significant":[101],"events":[102,142],"occur":[103],"must":[104,109],"be":[105,110],"saved,":[106],"polling":[108],"used":[111],"detect":[113],"their":[114],"absence.":[115],"Although":[116],"less":[121],"efficient":[122],"system,":[123],"scheduling":[125],"implications":[126],"resulting":[129],"clear.":[133],"In":[134],"contrast,":[135],"Ada's":[137],"primitive":[140],"timing":[141,154],"allow":[143],"construction":[145],"highly":[148],"optimized":[149],"reactive":[150],"solution.":[151],"However,":[152],"properties":[155],"solution":[158,169],"little":[161],"more":[162],"determine.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"requires":[170],"redundant":[172],"task":[173],"order":[175],"prevent":[177],"program":[179],"from":[180],"terminating":[181],"prematurely.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
