{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069311974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369247","title":"A ratification of means","display_name":"A ratification of means","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069311974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369247","mag":"2069311974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2369220.2369247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058437817","display_name":"Joyojeet Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-2046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joyojeet Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","University of Michigan , Ann Arbor"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan , Ann Arbor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032522988","display_name":"Anjali Vartak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjali Vartak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute Of NYU, Brooklyn, NY","Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute Of NYU, Brooklyn, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010495199","display_name":"Vrutti Vyas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vrutti Vyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute Of NYU, Brooklyn, NY","Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute Of NYU, Brooklyn, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012552834","display_name":"Saikat Chatterjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7441-7995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121988","display_name":"Film Independent","ror":"https://ror.org/036cy3843","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saikat Chatterjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Attorney and Independent Scholar, San Francisco, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Attorney and Independent Scholar, San Francisco, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044000152","display_name":"Nektarios Paisios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36672615","display_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/037tm7f56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nektarios Paisios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Courant Institute, NYU, New York, NY","Courant Institute, NYU, New York, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute, NYU, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36672615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute, NYU, New York, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36672615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008830134","display_name":"Rahul Cherian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Cherian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Attorney and Civil Rights Activist, Inclusive Planet, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Attorney and Civil Rights Activist, Inclusive Planet, Chennai, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058437817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8274941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14147","display_name":"Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ratification","display_name":"Ratification","score":0.8180553317070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities","display_name":"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities","score":0.7528446912765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.6994234323501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convention","display_name":"Convention","score":0.6090119481086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5125105381011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"Equity (law)","score":0.4933716356754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-country","display_name":"Developing country","score":0.4706520140171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.38778769969940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.3624531626701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.34304165840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3365718722343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.264509379863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23147374391555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.20103055238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.1346176266670227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776713681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193170","display_name":"Ratification","level":3,"score":0.8180553317070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780926887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069706","display_name":"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities","level":3,"score":0.7528446912765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.6994234323501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.6090119481086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5125105381011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.4933716356754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4706520140171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.38778769969940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3624531626701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.34304165840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3365718722343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.264509379863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23147374391555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20103055238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1346176266670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2369220.2369247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7181103621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"937060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308633","display_name":"Computing Research Association","ror":"https://ror.org/00agrkd75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21170568","https://openalex.org/W22205821","https://openalex.org/W237357020","https://openalex.org/W1479840535","https://openalex.org/W1540855405","https://openalex.org/W1558898355","https://openalex.org/W1568988733","https://openalex.org/W1919917805","https://openalex.org/W2008111564","https://openalex.org/W2019019739","https://openalex.org/W2019823288","https://openalex.org/W2023813082","https://openalex.org/W2029702943","https://openalex.org/W2074048521","https://openalex.org/W2080412882","https://openalex.org/W2083690544","https://openalex.org/W2108555595","https://openalex.org/W2110344963","https://openalex.org/W2115686646","https://openalex.org/W2119823228","https://openalex.org/W2125799655","https://openalex.org/W2134576619","https://openalex.org/W2143001620","https://openalex.org/W2149720750","https://openalex.org/W2150037748","https://openalex.org/W2150823051","https://openalex.org/W2152817718","https://openalex.org/W2157028061","https://openalex.org/W2161147255","https://openalex.org/W2165730792","https://openalex.org/W2169454125","https://openalex.org/W2525430929","https://openalex.org/W3122298797","https://openalex.org/W3123974885","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601290040","https://openalex.org/W6634243907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074736034","https://openalex.org/W3123646219","https://openalex.org/W1596158882","https://openalex.org/W4247234707","https://openalex.org/W4256444322","https://openalex.org/W64102257","https://openalex.org/W4245320107","https://openalex.org/W2287113384","https://openalex.org/W2040093260","https://openalex.org/W2582637207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"nations":[1],"around":[2],"the":[3,7,11,31,41,52,96,102,114,130,134,140],"world":[4,104],"have":[5],"ratified":[6],"UN":[8],"Convention":[9],"on":[10,99],"Rights":[12],"of":[13,35,44,95,116,133,139],"Persons":[14],"with":[15,46,120],"Disabilities":[16],"(CRPD)":[17],"since":[18],"2008.":[19],"Ratifying":[20],"states":[21],"commit":[22],"that":[23,129],"national":[24],"law":[25],"will":[26],"guarantee":[27],"rights":[28],"enumerated":[29],"in":[30,39,51,61,65,89,109,154],"CRPD.":[32],"The":[33,92],"use":[34,86],"Assistive":[36],"Technology":[37],"(AT)":[38],"ensuring":[40],"social":[42,66],"inclusion":[43],"people":[45,88,119],"disabilities":[47],"is":[48,56,105],"specifically":[49],"mentioned":[50],"convention.":[53],"Although":[54],"AT":[55,71,100,117],"increasingly":[57],"seen":[58],"as":[59],"necessary":[60],"facilitating":[62],"functional":[63,131],"equity":[64],"and":[67,72,82,127,151],"economic":[68],"participation,":[69],"most":[70],"accessibility":[73],"tools":[74],"are":[75,80],"not":[76],"just":[77],"expensive":[78],"but":[79],"also":[81],"typically":[83],"designed":[84],"for":[85,101,118,136],"by":[87],"industrialized":[90],"nations.":[91],"practical":[93],"implication":[94],"CRPD's":[97],"impact":[98],"developing":[103],"a":[106,137],"vast":[107],"subject,":[108],"this":[110,155],"paper":[111],"we":[112],"examine":[113],"cost":[115],"vision":[121],"impairments":[122],"at":[123],"current":[124],"day":[125],"costs,":[126],"find":[128],"fulfillment":[132],"CRPD":[135],"lot":[138],"signatory":[141],"countries":[142],"would":[143],"be":[144],"extremely":[145],"difficult":[146],"without":[147],"significant":[148],"technological":[149],"innovation":[150],"market":[152],"expansion":[153],"space.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}