{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028170080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369228","title":"Bottom billion architecture","display_name":"Bottom billion architecture","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028170080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369228","mag":"2028170080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2369220.2369228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369228","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008475293","display_name":"J\u00f6rg D\u00f6rflinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg D\u00f6rflinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAP Research Karlsruhe, Vincenz-Priessnitz-Stra\u00dfe, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAP Research Karlsruhe, Vincenz-Priessnitz-Stra\u00dfe, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009011646","display_name":"Tom Gross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-7388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bauhaus-University Weimar, Bauhausstra\u00dfe, Weimar, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bauhaus-University Weimar, Bauhausstra\u00dfe, Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008475293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93670058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14147","display_name":"Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-kiosk","display_name":"Interactive kiosk","score":0.7747466564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6471521258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6180386543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.5577500462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communications-technology","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","score":0.5173735022544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.4828222692012787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4691820442676544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4101950526237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3401045501232147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32140448689460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.27882617712020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18217319250106812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116865082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370241","display_name":"Interactive kiosk","level":2,"score":0.7747466564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6471521258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6180386543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.5577500462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.5173735022544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.4828222692012787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4691820442676544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4101950526237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3401045501232147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32140448689460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27882617712020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18217319250106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2369220.2369228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369228","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63569028","https://openalex.org/W304147998","https://openalex.org/W1488727463","https://openalex.org/W1492397400","https://openalex.org/W1912895955","https://openalex.org/W1965017216","https://openalex.org/W1993908602","https://openalex.org/W2009787142","https://openalex.org/W2018763263","https://openalex.org/W2047603841","https://openalex.org/W2064733631","https://openalex.org/W2094584396","https://openalex.org/W2117294274","https://openalex.org/W2125482288","https://openalex.org/W2152817718","https://openalex.org/W2154209262","https://openalex.org/W2163555139","https://openalex.org/W2165577970","https://openalex.org/W2547616063","https://openalex.org/W6629388156","https://openalex.org/W6640284044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979435510","https://openalex.org/W1981156044","https://openalex.org/W83923182","https://openalex.org/W4320806830","https://openalex.org/W1964379023","https://openalex.org/W1986663323","https://openalex.org/W2504866173","https://openalex.org/W4206812343","https://openalex.org/W2318528215","https://openalex.org/W2023981579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"progress":[1],"of":[2,155,165],"developing":[3,36],"countries":[4],"towards":[5],"an":[6,138,144,174],"information":[7],"society":[8],"has":[9],"entailed":[10],"a":[11,82,117,123,128],"strong":[12],"demand":[13],"for":[14],"Information":[15],"and":[16,30,64,93,101,153,161],"Communication":[17],"Technology":[18],"(ICT)":[19],"access":[20,48],"solutions":[21],"that":[22,85,150],"are":[23,70],"able":[24],"to":[25,34,50,136,142],"cope":[26],"with":[27],"the":[28,77,112,133,156,163,166],"infrastructural":[29],"cultural":[31],"requirements":[32],"specific":[33,52],"rural":[35,109,179],"areas.":[37],"Most":[38],"software":[39,83],"architectures":[40,66],"developed":[41],"in":[42,108,173,178],"former":[43],"ICTD":[44],"projects":[45],"realize":[46],"ICT":[47,146],"limited":[49],"one":[51],"concept":[53,141,168],"like":[54],"kiosk":[55],"PCs":[56],"or":[57,59],"Smartphones":[58],"SMS":[60],"applications.":[61],"However,":[62],"extensible":[63],"reusable":[65],"supporting":[67],"multiple":[68],"concepts":[69],"missing.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"present":[76],"Bottom":[78],"Billion":[79],"Architecture":[80],"(BBA),":[81],"architecture":[84,140],"supports":[86],"various":[87],"hardware":[88],"(Desktop":[89],"PCs,":[90],"Smartphones,":[91],"Feature":[92],"Non-Feature":[94],"Phones),":[95],"applications":[96],"(native,":[97],"Java,":[98],"Mobile":[99],"Web)":[100],"data":[102],"channels":[103],"(voice,":[104],"signalling,":[105],"data).":[106],"Implemented":[107],"South":[110],"Africa,":[111],"BBA":[113,134,167],"was":[114],"deployed":[115],"within":[116],"real":[118],"procurement":[119,148],"use":[120,176],"case,":[121],"following":[122],"Living":[124],"Lab":[125],"approach.":[126],"During":[127],"eight":[129],"month":[130],"pilot":[131],"experiment":[132],"proved":[135],"be":[137,171],"appropriate":[139],"host":[143],"improved":[145],"enabled":[147],"process":[149],"saves":[151],"time":[152],"money":[154],"participating":[157],"shops.":[158],"To":[159],"test":[160],"improve":[162],"generalizability":[164],"it":[169],"will":[170],"replicated":[172],"agricultural":[175],"case":[177],"Ghana.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}