{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996511977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180","title":"Softshell","display_name":"Softshell","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996511977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180","mag":"1996511977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2366145.2366180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014594342","display_name":"Markus Steinberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5977-8536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Markus Steinberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078127596","display_name":"Bernhard Kainz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Kainz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031044431","display_name":"Bernhard Kerbl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Kerbl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071288740","display_name":"Stefan Hauswiesner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Hauswiesner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056892251","display_name":"Michael Kenzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7791-1722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kenzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048047909","display_name":"Dieter Schmalstieg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2813-2235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Schmalstieg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014594342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96213849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8965256810188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6329242587089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5574272871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.5543279051780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-processing","display_name":"Stream processing","score":0.5426706075668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4992184638977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.4711569547653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4608592092990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.44225043058395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.39958786964416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17856541275978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13189110159873962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8965256810188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6329242587089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5574272871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.5543279051780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107027933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2006448","display_name":"Stream processing","level":2,"score":0.5426706075668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4992184638977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.4711569547653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4608592092990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.44225043058395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.39958786964416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17856541275978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13189110159873962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2366145.2366180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5705730039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P23329","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115476871","https://openalex.org/W623031591","https://openalex.org/W1004371317","https://openalex.org/W1460405344","https://openalex.org/W1494413972","https://openalex.org/W1916709771","https://openalex.org/W1972090741","https://openalex.org/W1983540755","https://openalex.org/W2012912569","https://openalex.org/W2016706026","https://openalex.org/W2032309817","https://openalex.org/W2034209740","https://openalex.org/W2043242530","https://openalex.org/W2050513283","https://openalex.org/W2067313328","https://openalex.org/W2087464928","https://openalex.org/W2098460515","https://openalex.org/W2099084006","https://openalex.org/W2103838950","https://openalex.org/W2109051991","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2123372783","https://openalex.org/W2134427337","https://openalex.org/W2138624212","https://openalex.org/W2140375692","https://openalex.org/W2141389982","https://openalex.org/W2142540472","https://openalex.org/W2144033344","https://openalex.org/W2150794573","https://openalex.org/W2153375074","https://openalex.org/W2169150396","https://openalex.org/W2169880332","https://openalex.org/W6640015234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963859303","https://openalex.org/W2364044215","https://openalex.org/W2389600408","https://openalex.org/W240129890","https://openalex.org/W3048701459","https://openalex.org/W2149078538","https://openalex.org/W2370314112","https://openalex.org/W1912958759","https://openalex.org/W2792081825","https://openalex.org/W2893308117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,192],"paper":[2],"we":[3,173],"present":[4,174],"Softshell,":[5],"a":[6,19,65,168,175],"novel":[7],"execution":[8],"model":[9,33,53,147,183,198,213],"for":[10,54,100,141,164,214],"devices":[11],"composed":[12],"of":[13,43,70,170,179,187,191],"multiple":[14,22],"processing":[15,28,46,146,182,197,212],"cores":[16],"operating":[17],"in":[18,222],"single":[20],"instruction,":[21],"data":[23],"fashion,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"graphics":[27],"units":[29],"(GPUs).":[30],"The":[31,144,189],"Softshell":[32,61,79,145,181],"is":[34,49,199],"intuitive":[35],"and":[36,124,127,136,162,203],"more":[37],"flexible":[38],"than":[39,208],"the":[40,44,51,60,81,95,98,108,131,180,209,223],"kernel-based":[41,211],"adaption":[42],"stream":[45],"model,":[47,62],"which":[48],"currently":[50],"dominant":[52],"general":[55],"purpose":[56],"GPU":[57,152],"computation.":[58],"Using":[59],"algorithms":[63],"with":[64,102],"relatively":[66],"low":[67],"local":[68],"degree":[69],"parallelism":[71],"can":[72,89,133],"execute":[73],"efficiently":[74],"on":[75,94,185],"massively":[76],"parallel":[77,142],"architectures.":[78],"has":[80],"following":[82],"distinct":[83],"advantages:":[84],"(":[85,110,128],"1":[86],")":[87,112,130],"work":[88,138],"be":[90],"dynamically":[91],"issued":[92],"directly":[93],"device,":[96],"eliminating":[97],"need":[99],"synchronization":[101],"an":[103],"external":[104],"source,":[105],"i.e":[106],".,":[107],"CPU;":[109],"2":[111],"its":[113],"three-tier":[114],"dynamic":[115,122],"scheduler":[116],"supports":[117],"arbitrary":[118],"scheduling":[119],"strategies,":[120],"including":[121],"priorities":[123],"real-time":[125],"scheduling;":[126],"3":[129],"user":[132],"influence,":[134],"pause,":[135],"cancel":[137],"already":[139],"submitted":[140],"execution.":[143],"thus":[148],"brings":[149],"capabilities":[150],"to":[151,201,220],"architectures":[153],"that":[154,195,216],"were":[155],"previously":[156],"only":[157],"known":[158],"from":[159],"operating-system":[160],"designs":[161],"reserved":[163],"CPU":[165],"programming.":[166],"As":[167],"proof":[169],"our":[171,196],"claims,":[172],"publicly":[176],"available":[177],"implementation":[178,193],"realized":[184],"top":[186],"CUDA.":[188],"benchmarks":[190],"demonstrate":[194],"easy":[200],"use":[202],"also":[204],"performs":[205],"substantially":[206],"better":[207],"state-of-the-art":[210],"problems":[215],"have":[217],"been":[218],"difficult":[219],"parallelize":[221],"past.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}