{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004586836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2347696.2347698","title":"Technical debt in software development","display_name":"Technical debt in software development","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004586836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2347696.2347698","mag":"2004586836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2347696.2347698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2347696.2347698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186921487","display_name":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes","issn_l":"0163-5948","issn":["0163-5948","1943-5843"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038060982","display_name":"Philippe Kruchten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-4867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Kruchten","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Canada","University of British Columbia, Canada ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Canada ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057124086","display_name":"Robert L. Nord","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-0702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114772536","display_name":"Software Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xqjjn94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert L. Nord","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079888779","display_name":"\u0130pek \u00d6zkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-4775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114772536","display_name":"Software Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xqjjn94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ipek Ozkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049830358","display_name":"Joost Visser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-3095"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost Visser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Improvement Group, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Improvement Group, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97572405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"5","first_page":"36","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.9592899680137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5308296084403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.5145217776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4961758553981781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.4918246269226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49033474922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.470624715089798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.44581013917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.42876145243644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.32010459899902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.26106923818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.15886029601097107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.9592899680137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5308296084403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5145217776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4961758553981781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.4918246269226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49033474922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.470624715089798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.44581013917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42876145243644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.32010459899902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26106923818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.15886029601097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2347696.2347698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2347696.2347698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186921487","display_name":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes","issn_l":"0163-5948","issn":["0163-5948","1943-5843"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243436289","https://openalex.org/W249581787","https://openalex.org/W1517055698","https://openalex.org/W1963022048","https://openalex.org/W2057433090","https://openalex.org/W2061804864","https://openalex.org/W2105492891","https://openalex.org/W2113513425","https://openalex.org/W2126597018","https://openalex.org/W2129005287","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2168077554","https://openalex.org/W2216905672","https://openalex.org/W2787379525","https://openalex.org/W2972037093","https://openalex.org/W2989083979","https://openalex.org/W3145100113","https://openalex.org/W4297881286","https://openalex.org/W6683106902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3160915530","https://openalex.org/W2967990473","https://openalex.org/W2966568451","https://openalex.org/W2619961724","https://openalex.org/W2950845034","https://openalex.org/W2598593295","https://openalex.org/W2476553276","https://openalex.org/W2964958795","https://openalex.org/W4313330935","https://openalex.org/W2143988060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54],"technical":[1,37,64],"debt":[2,65],"metaphor":[3],"is":[4,28],"gaining":[5],"significant":[6],"traction":[7],"in":[8,78],"the":[9,45,70,74],"software":[10,75],"development":[11],"community":[12],"as":[13,42,66],"a":[14,29,32,67],"way":[15],"to":[16,61],"understand":[17],"and":[18,25,83,86],"communicate":[19],"issues":[20],"of":[21,44,56,69],"intrinsic":[22],"quality,":[23],"value,":[24],"cost.":[26],"This":[27],"report":[30],"on":[31,35,49,81],"third":[33,58],"workshop":[34,59],"managing":[36,63],"debt,":[38,85],"which":[39],"took":[40],"place":[41],"part":[43,68],"34rd":[46],"International":[47],"Conference":[48],"Software":[50],"Engineering":[51],"(ICSE":[52],"2012).":[53],"goal":[55],"this":[57],"was":[60],"discuss":[62],"research":[71],"agenda":[72],"for":[73],"engineering":[76],"field,":[77],"particular":[79],"focusing":[80],"eliciting":[82],"visualizing":[84],"creating":[87],"payback":[88],"strategies.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T01:25:22.217667","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}