{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2112486798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234441","title":"Lightweight lexical source model extraction","display_name":"Lightweight lexical source model extraction","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2112486798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234441","mag":"2112486798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/234426.234441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084524791","display_name":"Gail C. Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6768-2649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gail C. Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011262764","display_name":"David Notkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Notkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Washington, Seattle","University of Washington , Seattle"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Washington, Seattle","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington , Seattle","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084524791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.4544,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99229235,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"262","last_page":"292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8882237672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.796968400478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6092991828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5226052403450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-document","display_name":"Source document","score":0.5175463557243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4790988266468048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.46612027287483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.424545019865036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-source","display_name":"Data source","score":0.41882482171058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.4136631190776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3251502513885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31653594970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.31496548652648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.24642068147659302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8882237672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.796968400478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6092991828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5226052403450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105888452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7565148","display_name":"Source document","level":2,"score":0.5175463557243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4790988266468048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.46612027287483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.424545019865036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983685735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227355","display_name":"Data source","level":2,"score":0.41882482171058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4136631190776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3251502513885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31653594970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31496548652648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.24642068147659302}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/234426.234441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.131.1576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.131.1576","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.kent.edu/~jmaletic/cs63902/Papers/murphy96.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491178396","https://openalex.org/W1526857433","https://openalex.org/W1542049623","https://openalex.org/W1557949450","https://openalex.org/W1596883918","https://openalex.org/W1608722977","https://openalex.org/W1965442120","https://openalex.org/W1965982049","https://openalex.org/W1981635406","https://openalex.org/W1986640084","https://openalex.org/W2012301138","https://openalex.org/W2021675475","https://openalex.org/W2045267305","https://openalex.org/W2054801208","https://openalex.org/W2068258563","https://openalex.org/W2068606617","https://openalex.org/W2096042913","https://openalex.org/W2097997737","https://openalex.org/W2100648544","https://openalex.org/W2109507516","https://openalex.org/W2119452943","https://openalex.org/W2120267948","https://openalex.org/W2123789037","https://openalex.org/W2134342348","https://openalex.org/W2144344516","https://openalex.org/W2144371054","https://openalex.org/W2147459295","https://openalex.org/W2153168409","https://openalex.org/W2164791598","https://openalex.org/W2170629373","https://openalex.org/W2611598995","https://openalex.org/W2613359208","https://openalex.org/W2912724330","https://openalex.org/W2985413623","https://openalex.org/W2987803397","https://openalex.org/W4245333047","https://openalex.org/W4246728432","https://openalex.org/W4253717004","https://openalex.org/W6629325410","https://openalex.org/W6631325499","https://openalex.org/W6675266387","https://openalex.org/W6676162878","https://openalex.org/W6676607282","https://openalex.org/W6679822280","https://openalex.org/W6682686099","https://openalex.org/W6737467347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200507345","https://openalex.org/W4283837518","https://openalex.org/W2911277629","https://openalex.org/W2100097978","https://openalex.org/W2990163449","https://openalex.org/W2998705539","https://openalex.org/W2059987156","https://openalex.org/W3140644504","https://openalex.org/W3173251459","https://openalex.org/W4287240320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"engineers":[1],"maintaining":[2],"an":[3],"existing":[4,218],"software":[5,39],"system":[6,16,194],"often":[7],"depend":[8],"on":[9,86,118],"the":[10,68,87,119,122,139,154,172,175,224,237],"mechanized":[11],"extraction":[12,176],"of":[13,21,34,89,121,141,158,177,180,193,243],"information":[14,151],"from":[15,59,91,101,129,149,190],"artifacts.":[17,123],"Some":[18],"useful":[19],"kinds":[20,88,140],"information\u2014source":[22],"models\u2014are":[23],"well":[24],"known:":[25],"call":[26,188],"graphs,":[27],"file":[28],"dependences,":[29,185],"etc.":[30],"Predicting":[31],"every":[32],"kind":[33],"source":[35,56,93,102,130,142,182,213,245],"model":[36,57],"that":[37,67,81,113,131,144],"a":[38,48,178,191],"engineer":[40],"may":[41],"need":[42],"is":[43,64,78,110],"impossible.":[44],"We":[45,162,203,230],"have":[46,163],"developed":[47,164],"lightweight":[49,65],"approach":[50,63,137,169,206,235],"for":[51,220],"generating":[52,244],"flexible":[53,79],"and":[54,73,156,170,207,232,240],"tolerant":[55,111],"extractors":[58],"lexical":[60,150,239],"specifications.":[61],"The":[62],"in":[66,80,112],"specifications":[69],"are":[70,83,95,115],"relatively":[71],"small":[72],"easy":[74],"to":[75,166,174,211,236],"write.":[76],"It":[77,109],"there":[82,114],"few":[84,116],"constraints":[85,117,155],"artifacts":[90,195],"which":[92],"models":[94,143,183,214],"extracted":[96],"(e.g.,":[97],"we":[98,126,222],"can":[99,127,145],"extract":[100,128,212],"code,":[103],"structured":[104,201],"data":[105],"files,":[106],"documentation,":[107],"etc.).":[108],"condition":[120],"For":[124],"example,":[125,221],"cannot":[132],"necessarily":[133],"be":[134,146],"compiled.":[135],"Our":[136],"extended":[138],"easily":[147],"produced":[148],"while":[152],"avoiding":[153],"brittleness":[157],"most":[159],"parser-based":[160],"approaches.":[161],"tools":[165,173],"support":[167],"this":[168],"applied":[171],"number":[179],"different":[181],"(file":[184],"event":[186],"interactions,":[187],"graphs)":[189],"variety":[192],"(C,":[196],"C++,":[197],"CLOS,":[198],"Eiffel.":[199],"TCL,":[200],"data).":[202],"discuss":[204],"our":[205,234],"describe":[208],"its":[209],"application":[210],"not":[215],"available":[216],"using":[217],"systems;":[219],"compute":[223],"implicitly-invokes":[225],"relation":[226],"over":[227],"Field":[228],"tools.":[229],"compare":[231],"contrast":[233],"conventional":[238],"syntactic":[241],"approaches":[242],"models.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}