{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125708466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234431","title":"Automated consistency checking of requirements specifications","display_name":"Automated consistency checking of requirements specifications","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125708466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234431","mag":"2125708466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/234426.234431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004724179","display_name":"Constance Heitmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-9309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Constance L. Heitmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004106660","display_name":"Ralph D. Jeffords","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph D. Jeffords","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026391180","display_name":"B. Labaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce G. Labaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5546, Washington, D.C#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004724179"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.5819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":596,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99735674,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"231","last_page":"261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.778362512588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6512942314147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.6307519674301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.6112895011901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.5362725853919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5167983770370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements-specification","display_name":"Software requirements specification","score":0.5102393627166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency-model","display_name":"Consistency model","score":0.4948262572288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.46437492966651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4377470016479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.43245893716812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.41140875220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.4112909734249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3838021159172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3233283758163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.2440599501132965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1354149878025055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.0868605375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08513182401657104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.778362512588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6512942314147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.6307519674301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.6112895011901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.5362725853919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5167983770370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102780508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761598","display_name":"Software requirements specification","level":5,"score":0.5102393627166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37279795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492305","display_name":"Consistency model","level":3,"score":0.4948262572288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.46437492966651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4377470016479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.43245893716812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.41140875220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.4112909734249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3838021159172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3233283758163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.2440599501132965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1354149878025055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.0868605375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08513182401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/234426.234431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/234426.234431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85669259","https://openalex.org/W88436886","https://openalex.org/W112342708","https://openalex.org/W1492884822","https://openalex.org/W1531275967","https://openalex.org/W1536217426","https://openalex.org/W1550858237","https://openalex.org/W1602043639","https://openalex.org/W1607905993","https://openalex.org/W1769368917","https://openalex.org/W1949126510","https://openalex.org/W1976846957","https://openalex.org/W1991884084","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2021414839","https://openalex.org/W2023825274","https://openalex.org/W2038877132","https://openalex.org/W2046138576","https://openalex.org/W2080267935","https://openalex.org/W2081938726","https://openalex.org/W2082434633","https://openalex.org/W2096360482","https://openalex.org/W2099529102","https://openalex.org/W2102785826","https://openalex.org/W2103078852","https://openalex.org/W2113724642","https://openalex.org/W2114337346","https://openalex.org/W2117189826","https://openalex.org/W2120670175","https://openalex.org/W2122086011","https://openalex.org/W2135120182","https://openalex.org/W2147880466","https://openalex.org/W2148439296","https://openalex.org/W2151584820","https://openalex.org/W2154690088","https://openalex.org/W2155891457","https://openalex.org/W2163380638","https://openalex.org/W2164118939","https://openalex.org/W2164261312","https://openalex.org/W2166955195","https://openalex.org/W2169506273","https://openalex.org/W2171816001","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2911468826","https://openalex.org/W4206457894","https://openalex.org/W4231357934","https://openalex.org/W4240802486","https://openalex.org/W4242356576","https://openalex.org/W4246553962","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631696512","https://openalex.org/W6631927160","https://openalex.org/W6633121673","https://openalex.org/W6633201416","https://openalex.org/W6636196265","https://openalex.org/W6637915697","https://openalex.org/W6644418544","https://openalex.org/W6677116019","https://openalex.org/W7064735445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145025660","https://openalex.org/W2171674700","https://openalex.org/W344309486","https://openalex.org/W2016051366","https://openalex.org/W12544170","https://openalex.org/W2799231486","https://openalex.org/W1568529421","https://openalex.org/W2204176978","https://openalex.org/W2106008526","https://openalex.org/W2279377564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,58,66,71,80,84],"formal":[4,59,72],"analysis":[5],"technique,":[6],"called":[7],"consistency":[8,69,116,125],"checking":[9,117,126],",":[10],"for":[11,61,68,115],"automatic":[12],"detection":[13],"of":[14,101,112,124,131],"errors,":[15,19],"such":[16],"as":[17,83],"type":[18],"nondeterminism,":[20],"missing":[21],"cases,":[22],"and":[23,65,110],"circular":[24],"definitions,":[25],"in":[26,38,92,96,118],"requirements":[27,35,53,73,129],"specifications.":[28],"The":[29,122],"technique":[30,114],"is":[31,54,75,134],"designed":[32],"to":[33,51,94],"analyze":[34],"specifications":[36],"expressed":[37],"the":[39,48,62,77,108,128],"SCR":[40,49,63],"(Software":[41],"Cost":[42],"Reduction)":[43],"tabular":[44],"notation.":[45],"As":[46],"background,":[47],"approach":[50],"specifying":[52],"reviewed.":[55],"To":[56],"provide":[57],"semantics":[60],"notation":[64],"foundation":[67],"checking,":[70],"model":[74,78],"introduced;":[76],"represents":[79],"software":[81,132],"system":[82],"finite-state":[85],"automation":[86],"which":[87,106],"produces":[88],"externally":[89],"visible":[90],"outputs":[91],"response":[93],"changes":[95],"monitored":[97],"environmental":[98],"quantities.":[99],"Results":[100],"two":[102],"experiments":[103],"are":[104],"presented":[105],"evaluated":[107],"utility":[109],"scalability":[111],"our":[113],"real-world":[119],"avionics":[120],"application.":[121],"role":[123],"during":[127],"phase":[130],"development":[133],"discussed.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}