{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082052067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2322176.2322180","title":"Human and Machine Intelligence","display_name":"Human and Machine Intelligence","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082052067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2322176.2322180","mag":"2082052067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2322176.2322180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2322176.2322180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Turing Centenary Celebration on - ACM-TURING '12","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015737731","display_name":"Barbara J. Grosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3031-5591"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Grosz","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112798728","display_name":"Edward A. Feigenbaum","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward A. Feigenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108662140","display_name":"Marvin Minsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Minsky","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022404172","display_name":"Judea Pearl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judea Pearl","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026808306","display_name":"Raj Reddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.7781999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.7781999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.9194867014884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.8365418910980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6953099370002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.6658077239990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"Imitation","score":0.6500434875488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/super-recursive-algorithm","display_name":"Super-recursive algorithm","score":0.6281238794326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-deterministic-turing-machine","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","score":0.6178497672080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5937886834144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.5652350187301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine-examples","display_name":"Turing machine examples","score":0.5259029269218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44912150502204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-turing-machine","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","score":0.40465426445007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24126464128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13127025961875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.0915762186050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.06807312369346619}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.9194867014884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.8365418910980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6953099370002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.6658077239990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.6500434875488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31402856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295939","display_name":"Super-recursive algorithm","level":5,"score":0.6281238794326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15190523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190223","display_name":"Non-deterministic Turing machine","level":5,"score":0.6178497672080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5937886834144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.5652350187301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21176728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854963","display_name":"Turing machine examples","level":5,"score":0.5259029269218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44912150502204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131671149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703890","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","level":4,"score":0.40465426445007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24126464128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13127025961875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0915762186050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.06807312369346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2322176.2322180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2322176.2322180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Turing Centenary Celebration on - ACM-TURING '12","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547364878","https://openalex.org/W2348596562","https://openalex.org/W293759077","https://openalex.org/W1662868588","https://openalex.org/W3014863312","https://openalex.org/W165822490","https://openalex.org/W2392422095","https://openalex.org/W2360189665","https://openalex.org/W1766691196","https://openalex.org/W2005641959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"his":[1],"1950":[2],"Mind":[3],"paper,":[4],"Alan":[5],"Turing":[6,40,73],"reframed":[7],"the":[8,33,46,49,72],"question":[9],"of":[10,48,58],"whether":[11],"machines":[12,59],"could":[13],"think":[14],"as":[15,38],"an":[16],"operational":[17],"or":[18],"behavioral":[19],"question:":[20],"Could":[21],"a":[22],"computer":[23],"be":[24,54,64],"built":[25],"that":[26,44,67],"was":[27],"indistinguishable":[28],"from":[29],"people":[30],"in":[31,71],"playing":[32],"\"imitation":[34],"game,\"":[35],"now":[36],"known":[37],"\"the":[39],"Test\"?":[41],"He":[42],"conjectured":[43],"by":[45],"end":[47],"20th":[50],"century":[51],"\"one":[52],"[would]":[53],"able":[55],"to":[56,63],"speak":[57],"thinking":[60],"without":[61],"expecting":[62],"contradicted\"":[65],"and":[66],"computers":[68],"would":[69],"succeed":[70],"Test.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}