{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024561607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2229012.2229056","title":"Safe opponent exploitation","display_name":"Safe opponent exploitation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024561607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2229012.2229056","mag":"2024561607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2229012.2229056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2229012.2229056","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071909991","display_name":"Samuel Ganzfried","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Ganzfried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023571961","display_name":"T\u00fcomas Sandholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-9366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuomas Sandholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3039,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79948029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"587","last_page":"604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeated-game","display_name":"Repeated game","score":0.6400997042655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6368228197097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5944486856460571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5773729681968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.5390405654907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-equilibrium","display_name":"Sequential equilibrium","score":0.5266841650009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjecture","display_name":"Conjecture","score":0.5138890743255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-response","display_name":"Best response","score":0.5063713788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfect-information","display_name":"Perfect information","score":0.5047880411148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategy","display_name":"Strategy","score":0.4999361038208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-dominance","display_name":"Strategic dominance","score":0.481500506401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.46777716279029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.4258440136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4253905415534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equilibrium-selection","display_name":"Equilibrium selection","score":0.2620593011379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2492191195487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14132454991340637}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202556891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1584646","display_name":"Repeated game","level":3,"score":0.6400997042655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6368228197097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5944486856460571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5773729681968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.5390405654907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201364048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897085","display_name":"Sequential equilibrium","level":5,"score":0.5266841650009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780990831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319141","display_name":"Conjecture","level":2,"score":0.5138890743255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32407928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733833","display_name":"Best response","level":3,"score":0.5063713788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123676819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074338","display_name":"Perfect information","level":2,"score":0.5047880411148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88959737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546627","display_name":"Strategy","level":3,"score":0.4999361038208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123650614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282491","display_name":"Strategic dominance","level":2,"score":0.481500506401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.46777716279029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.4258440136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4253905415534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164407509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384490","display_name":"Equilibrium selection","level":4,"score":0.2620593011379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2492191195487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14132454991340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2229012.2229056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2229012.2229056","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.233.5645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.233.5645","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/%7Esandholm/safeExploitation.ec12.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.699.6302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.699.6302","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Esandholm/safeExploitation.teac15.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123800271","https://openalex.org/W194461482","https://openalex.org/W292627938","https://openalex.org/W1515545478","https://openalex.org/W1588250054","https://openalex.org/W1980392196","https://openalex.org/W1980717955","https://openalex.org/W1986996840","https://openalex.org/W1996762597","https://openalex.org/W2026829590","https://openalex.org/W2073875457","https://openalex.org/W2075567596","https://openalex.org/W2077578341","https://openalex.org/W2077902449","https://openalex.org/W2083347533","https://openalex.org/W2102585303","https://openalex.org/W2103315867","https://openalex.org/W2107105626","https://openalex.org/W2107815843","https://openalex.org/W2109100253","https://openalex.org/W2126910421","https://openalex.org/W2139515132","https://openalex.org/W2153816030","https://openalex.org/W2164945937","https://openalex.org/W2165132479","https://openalex.org/W2253253348","https://openalex.org/W2318394716","https://openalex.org/W2325597189","https://openalex.org/W2330024298","https://openalex.org/W2799583259","https://openalex.org/W3089351328","https://openalex.org/W3102219781","https://openalex.org/W4248379493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518504063","https://openalex.org/W2181546116","https://openalex.org/W4308006365","https://openalex.org/W1538636918","https://openalex.org/W4390355795","https://openalex.org/W2070003395","https://openalex.org/W2797291350","https://openalex.org/W1963977485","https://openalex.org/W2014929929","https://openalex.org/W2024561607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,72,94,137,156,183],"consider":[1],"the":[2,16,19,27,31,97,109,134,209,217],"problem":[3,193],"of":[4,18,26,63,86,99,111,133,142,175],"playing":[5],"a":[6,34,58,65,139,190,223],"finitely-repeated":[7],"two-player":[8],"zero-sum":[9],"game":[10,20],"safely---that":[11],"is,":[12],"guaranteeing":[13,154],"at":[14,38],"least":[15],"value":[17],"per":[21],"period":[22],"in":[23,81,187],"expectation":[24],"regardless":[25],"strategy":[28,37,132,227],"used":[29],"by":[30],"opponent.":[32],"Playing":[33],"stage-game":[35,59],"equilibrium":[36,60,131,212],"each":[39,130],"time":[40],"step":[41],"clearly":[42],"guarantees":[43],"safety,":[44],"and":[45,68,145,164,167,172,214],"prior":[46],"work":[47],"has":[48],"conjectured":[49],"that":[50,74,96,122,200],"it":[51],"is":[52],"impossible":[53],"to":[54,69,129],"simultaneously":[55],"deviate":[56],"from":[57],"(in":[61],"hope":[62],"exploiting":[64,150],"suboptimal":[66,151],"opponent)":[67],"guarantee":[70],"safety.":[71,155],"show":[73,95,199],"such":[75,102],"profitable":[76],"deviations":[77],"are":[78,126],"indeed":[79],"possible---specifically,":[80],"games":[82],"where":[83],"certain":[84],"types":[85],"'gift'":[87],"strategies":[88,100,125,177,205,213,220],"exist,":[89],"which":[90,120],"we":[91],"define":[92],"formally.":[93],"set":[98,110],"constituting":[101],"gifts":[103],"can":[104],"be":[105],"strictly":[106],"larger":[107],"than":[108],"iteratively":[112],"weakly-dominated":[113],"strategies;":[114],"this":[115],"disproves":[116],"another":[117],"recent":[118],"conjecture":[119],"states":[121],"all":[123,216],"non-iteratively-weakly-dominated":[124],"best":[127,225],"responses":[128],"other":[135],"player.":[136],"present":[138,168,184],"full":[140,173],"characterization":[141],"safe":[143,169,176,203,218],"strategies,":[144],"develop":[146],"efficient":[147],"algorithms":[148,171],"for":[149,161,178,194],"opponents":[152],"while":[153],"also":[157],"provide":[158],"analogous":[159],"results":[160,186],"sequential":[162],"perfect":[163],"imperfect-information":[165],"games,":[166],"exploitation":[170,204,210,219],"characterizations":[174],"those":[179],"settings":[180],"as":[181],"well.":[182],"experimental":[185],"Kuhn":[188],"poker,":[189],"canonical":[191],"test":[192],"game-theoretic":[195],"algorithms.":[196],"Our":[197],"experiments":[198],"1)":[201],"aggressive":[202],"significantly":[206,221],"outperform":[207,222],"adjusting":[208],"within":[211],"2)":[215],"(non-safe)":[224],"response":[226],"against":[228],"strong":[229],"dynamic":[230],"opponents.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
