{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136345490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208658","title":"Observational and experimental investigation of typing behaviour using virtual keyboards for mobile devices","display_name":"Observational and experimental investigation of typing behaviour using virtual keyboards for mobile devices","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136345490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208658","mag":"2136345490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2207676.2208658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040024687","display_name":"Niels Henze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-6290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niels Henze","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089009282","display_name":"Enrico Rukzio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4213-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Rukzio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany &amp; Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany &amp; Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514","https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029358314","display_name":"Susanne Boll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4293-1623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanne Boll","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040024687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98949919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2659","last_page":"2668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7592970132827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7359675168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.6809250116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-entry","display_name":"Text entry","score":0.5586952567100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.5233351588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5185652375221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.506787121295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learnability","display_name":"Learnability","score":0.471293568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39898350834846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29485124349594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.2883220911026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.25194650888442993}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7592970132827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7359675168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.6809250116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192366","display_name":"Text entry","level":2,"score":0.5586952567100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.5233351588249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5185652375221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.506787121295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777723229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4367921","display_name":"Learnability","level":2,"score":0.471293568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39898350834846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29485124349594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2883220911026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.25194650888442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2207676.2208658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.232.7412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.7412","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://nhenze.net/uploads/Observational-and-Experimental-Investigation-of-Typing-Behaviour-using-Virtual-Keyboards-on-Mobile-Devices.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:57247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/57247/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569910286","https://openalex.org/W1695216085","https://openalex.org/W1999806644","https://openalex.org/W2003849625","https://openalex.org/W2004403975","https://openalex.org/W2004694131","https://openalex.org/W2018551689","https://openalex.org/W2028618039","https://openalex.org/W2036530198","https://openalex.org/W2038710768","https://openalex.org/W2083243042","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2108518773","https://openalex.org/W2119429908","https://openalex.org/W2139624348","https://openalex.org/W2148748674","https://openalex.org/W2156732889","https://openalex.org/W2295007882","https://openalex.org/W2519682392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942120066","https://openalex.org/W3029584571","https://openalex.org/W4387835528","https://openalex.org/W2610552939","https://openalex.org/W2978284326","https://openalex.org/W2313381668","https://openalex.org/W3096032878","https://openalex.org/W2100019621","https://openalex.org/W1967469176","https://openalex.org/W2402269462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,11,28,47,51,73,81,88,93,107,115,119,127,141,145,151,157,165],"rise":[2],"of":[3,83,118],"current":[4],"smartphones,":[5],"virtual":[6],"keyboards":[7,171],"for":[8],"touchscreens":[9],"became":[10],"dominant":[12],"mobile":[13],"text":[14],"entry":[15],"technique.":[16],"We":[17,162],"developed":[18],"a":[19,56,61,111],"typing":[20,35],"game":[21,74],"that":[22,63,79,105,164],"records":[23],"how":[24],"users":[25],"touch":[26,52,69,85],"on":[27,98,135],"standard":[29],"Android":[30,120,138],"keyboard":[31,121,139],"to":[32],"investigate":[33],"users'":[34],"behaviour.":[36],"47,770,625":[37],"keystrokes":[38,100],"from":[39],"72,945":[40],"installations":[41,103],"have":[42],"been":[43],"collected":[44],"by":[45,67,122,129,153,160],"publishing":[46],"game.":[48],"By":[49,71],"visualizing":[50,92,106],"distribution":[53],"we":[54,75],"identified":[55],"systematic":[57],"skew":[58,66],"and":[59,91,101,155],"derived":[60],"function":[62,148,167],"compensates":[64],"this":[65],"shifting":[68,84],"events.":[70],"updating":[72],"conduct":[76],"an":[77],"experiment":[78],"investigates":[80],"effect":[82,134],"events,":[86],"changing":[87],"keys'":[89],"labels,":[90],"touched":[94,108],"position.":[95],"Results":[96],"based":[97],"6,603,659":[99],"13,013":[102],"show":[104],"positions":[109],"using":[110],"simple":[112],"dot":[113],"decreases":[114,126,156],"error":[116,158],"rate":[117,159],"18.3%":[123],"but":[124,144],"also":[125],"speed":[128],"5.2%":[130],"with":[131],"no":[132,173],"positive":[133],"learnability.":[136],"The":[137],"outperforms":[140],"control":[142],"condition":[143],"constructed":[146],"shift":[147,166],"further":[149],"improves":[150],"performance":[152],"2.2%":[154],"9.1%.":[161],"argue":[163],"can":[168],"improve":[169],"existing":[170],"at":[172],"costs.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
