{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971881814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187836.2187878","title":"Investigating the distribution of password choices","display_name":"Investigating the distribution of password choices","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971881814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187836.2187878","mag":"1971881814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2187836.2187878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187836.2187878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.3722","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066727483","display_name":"David Malone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-586X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Malone","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016806649","display_name":"Kevin Maher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6445-0228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Maher","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97615708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"301","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9648956060409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7451733350753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.6479365825653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.6463640928268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.6348239183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.6307373046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5625557899475098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.5444780588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.48701220750808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.43874505162239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2831951975822449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9648956060409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7451733350753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.6479365825653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.6463640928268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.6348239183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.6307373046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5625557899475098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.5444780588150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.48701220750808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.43874505162239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2831951975822449}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2187836.2187878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187836.2187878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie:3754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/3754/1/DM_Password_Choices.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/3754/1/DM_Password_Choices.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401432","display_name":"Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","host_organization_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book Section"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mural.maynoothuniversity.ie:3754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/3754/1/DM_Password_Choices.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/3754/1/DM_Password_Choices.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401432","display_name":"Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","host_organization_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Section"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1104.3722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.3722","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.3722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.765.9388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.765.9388","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.3722.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1104.3722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.3722","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1104.3722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487941708","https://openalex.org/W1529740232","https://openalex.org/W1548573590","https://openalex.org/W1755610232","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2026879388","https://openalex.org/W2045591401","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2123097583","https://openalex.org/W2131814097","https://openalex.org/W2138309709","https://openalex.org/W2165203736","https://openalex.org/W2461167709","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W4247880210","https://openalex.org/W4248459719","https://openalex.org/W6631680466","https://openalex.org/W6637809210","https://openalex.org/W7010131035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W2596766976","https://openalex.org/W2916013051","https://openalex.org/W2017283799","https://openalex.org/W4302810031","https://openalex.org/W1847856596","https://openalex.org/W4294993944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"distribution":[1,71,129],"of":[2,40,52,59,130],"passwords":[3,45,102],"chosen":[4],"by":[5,132],"users":[6,17,135],"has":[7],"implications":[8],"for":[9,109],"site":[10,84],"security,":[11],"password-handling":[12],"algorithms":[13],"and":[14],"even":[15],"how":[16,77,124],"are":[18,46],"permitted":[19],"to":[20,62,105,116,125,136],"select":[21],"passwords.":[22,111],"Using":[23],"password":[24,60,80,89],"lists":[25],"from":[26,82],"four":[27],"different":[28,139],"web":[29],"sites,":[30],"we":[31,121],"investigate":[32],"if":[33,64],"Zipf's":[34],"law":[35],"is":[36,72],"a":[37,50,69,92,117,138],"good":[38],"description":[39],"the":[41,57,66,79,128],"frequency":[42],"with":[43],"which":[44,55],"chosen.":[47],"We":[48,74],"use":[49],"number":[51],"standard":[53],"statistics,":[54],"measure":[56],"security":[58],"distributions,":[61],"see":[63],"modelling":[65],"data":[67],"using":[68,88],"simple":[70],"effective.":[73],"then":[75],"consider":[76],"much":[78],"distributions":[81,98],"each":[83],"have":[85,99],"in":[86,103],"common,":[87],"cracking":[90,110],"as":[91,113],"metric.":[93],"This":[94],"shows":[95],"that":[96],"these":[97],"enough":[100],"high-frequency":[101],"common":[104],"provide":[106],"effective":[107],"speed-ups":[108],"Finally,":[112],"an":[114],"alternative":[115],"deterministic":[118],"banned":[119],"list,":[120],"will":[122],"show":[123],"stochastically":[126],"shape":[127],"passwords,":[131],"occasionally":[133],"asking":[134],"choose":[137],"password.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-02T07:38:04.252551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
