{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034268294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187671.2187676","title":"A review of recent advances in 3D ear- and expression-invariant face biometrics","display_name":"A review of recent advances in 3D ear- and expression-invariant face biometrics","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034268294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187671.2187676","mag":"2034268294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2187671.2187676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187671.2187676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034900636","display_name":"Syed Mohammed Shamsul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3200-2903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed M. S. Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia",", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009750573","display_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-3257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Bennamoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia",", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108791399","display_name":"Robyn Owens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robyn A. Owens","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia",", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056295640","display_name":"Rowan Davies","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rowan Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia",", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93517829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8719204068183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8712786436080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7074739933013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5742816925048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.5467563271522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5094738602638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4966731667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-data-representation","display_name":"External Data Representation","score":0.48195335268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.4583932161331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4440361559391022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.43225085735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3894560635089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3554999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3393508791923523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8719204068183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8712786436080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7074739933013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5742816925048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.5467563271522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5094738602638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4966731667518616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.48195335268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4583932161331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4440361559391022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43225085735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3894560635089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3554999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3393508791923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2187671.2187676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2187671.2187676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/276d9eda-5f6f-483f-ad79-00a33eb1097d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/276d9eda-5f6f-483f-ad79-00a33eb1097d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Islam , S , Bennamoun , M , Owens , R & Davies , R 2012 , ' A review of Recent Advances in 3D ear and Expression Invariant Face Biometrics ' , ACM Computing Surveys , vol. 44 , no. 3 , 14 , pp. 1-40 . https://doi.org/10.1145/2187671.2187676","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/37046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1699892296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP0664228 and LE0775672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91887116","https://openalex.org/W1494550388","https://openalex.org/W1512114279","https://openalex.org/W1520420617","https://openalex.org/W1563354748","https://openalex.org/W1566944040","https://openalex.org/W1566976463","https://openalex.org/W1572134382","https://openalex.org/W1575294213","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1585588639","https://openalex.org/W1602485673","https://openalex.org/W1889188951","https://openalex.org/W1899746419","https://openalex.org/W1956110702","https://openalex.org/W1980257741","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2000954008","https://openalex.org/W2003067321","https://openalex.org/W2005262108","https://openalex.org/W2018857832","https://openalex.org/W2020395743","https://openalex.org/W2021562018","https://openalex.org/W2025170205","https://openalex.org/W2025688831","https://openalex.org/W2035158359","https://openalex.org/W2056524196","https://openalex.org/W2057485059","https://openalex.org/W2057695579","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2068723942","https://openalex.org/W2070115136","https://openalex.org/W2078118580","https://openalex.org/W2096155331","https://openalex.org/W2096894759","https://openalex.org/W2097554539","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2100278244","https://openalex.org/W2101799416","https://openalex.org/W2101965117","https://openalex.org/W2104300442","https://openalex.org/W2104539097","https://openalex.org/W2104577112","https://openalex.org/W2104691754","https://openalex.org/W2105099154","https://openalex.org/W2105383974","https://openalex.org/W2105424570","https://openalex.org/W2107634464","https://openalex.org/W2107813638","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2110866887","https://openalex.org/W2112216367","https://openalex.org/W2114479452","https://openalex.org/W2114703720","https://openalex.org/W2115812588","https://openalex.org/W2117002552","https://openalex.org/W2120084600","https://openalex.org/W2120433720","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2124351082","https://openalex.org/W2126093564","https://openalex.org/W2127800163","https://openalex.org/W2128258626","https://openalex.org/W2129261353","https://openalex.org/W2130730282","https://openalex.org/W2130872839","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135404154","https://openalex.org/W2136461127","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2137962244","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2141265371","https://openalex.org/W2142376761","https://openalex.org/W2143661311","https://openalex.org/W2143671486","https://openalex.org/W2144473577","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2150761159","https://openalex.org/W2150862990","https://openalex.org/W2152492602","https://openalex.org/W2152756361","https://openalex.org/W2152893587","https://openalex.org/W2153759571","https://openalex.org/W2154616682","https://openalex.org/W2157298821","https://openalex.org/W2161308290","https://openalex.org/W2161379452","https://openalex.org/W2162411291","https://openalex.org/W2162663701","https://openalex.org/W2163303693","https://openalex.org/W2163686929","https://openalex.org/W2163849407","https://openalex.org/W2163965432","https://openalex.org/W2164466609","https://openalex.org/W2166016566","https://openalex.org/W2166335841","https://openalex.org/W2166743687","https://openalex.org/W2167759291","https://openalex.org/W2168239064","https://openalex.org/W2168530730","https://openalex.org/W2168540480","https://openalex.org/W2168663294","https://openalex.org/W2168950131","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2169696215","https://openalex.org/W2169840851","https://openalex.org/W2170415971","https://openalex.org/W2177274842","https://openalex.org/W2276796457","https://openalex.org/W2479089353","https://openalex.org/W2486680385","https://openalex.org/W2527743134","https://openalex.org/W2538038113","https://openalex.org/W2560449083","https://openalex.org/W2592025853","https://openalex.org/W2602441275","https://openalex.org/W3021123403","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3143835353","https://openalex.org/W3147414649","https://openalex.org/W4231579676","https://openalex.org/W4237913625","https://openalex.org/W4244952642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2477036161","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W4294565801","https://openalex.org/W1942112330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biometric-based":[0],"human":[1],"recognition":[2,46],"is":[3,24,93],"rapidly":[4],"gaining":[5],"popularity":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,25,30,34,78,108],"breaches":[9],"of":[10,18,69,84,89],"traditional":[11],"security":[12],"systems":[13,106],"and":[14,29,37,44,50,60,63,87,101,110],"the":[15,66,73,82,85],"lowering":[16],"cost":[17],"sensors.":[19],"The":[20],"current":[21],"research":[22,97],"trend":[23],"use":[26],"3D":[27,48],"data":[28,56],"combine":[31],"multiple":[32],"traits":[33],"improve":[35],"accuracy":[36],"robustness.":[38],"This":[39],"article":[40],"comprehensively":[41],"reviews":[42],"unimodal":[43],"multimodal":[45,105],"using":[47],"ear":[49],"face":[51],"data.":[52],"It":[53],"covers":[54],"associated":[55],"collection,":[57],"detection,":[58],"representation,":[59],"matching":[61],"techniques":[62],"focuses":[64],"on":[65],"challenging":[67],"problem":[68],"expression":[70],"variations.":[71],"All":[72],"approaches":[74],"are":[75],"classified":[76],"according":[77],"their":[79],"methodologies.":[80],"Through":[81],"analysis":[83],"scope":[86],"limitations":[88],"these":[90],"techniques,":[91],"it":[92],"concluded":[94],"that":[95],"further":[96],"should":[98],"investigate":[99],"fast":[100],"fully":[102],"automatic":[103],"ear-face":[104],"robust":[107],"occlusions":[109],"deformations.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}