{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023718959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040","title":"From game design elements to gamefulness","display_name":"From game design elements to gamefulness","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023718959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040","mag":"2023718959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023665704","display_name":"Sebastian Deterding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0033-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Deterding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077927833","display_name":"Dan Dixon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of England, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059015821","display_name":"Rilla Khaled","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-7994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83467386","display_name":"IT University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/02309jg23","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rilla Khaled","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","It university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"It university of copenhagen, copenhagen, denmark#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045627721","display_name":"Lennart E. Nacke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennart Nacke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada","University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023665704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":465.6455,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7589,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99997134,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7207722663879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6204111576080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenon","display_name":"Phenomenon","score":0.6141878962516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.6126163601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-mechanics","display_name":"Game mechanics","score":0.5985695123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.5601027607917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.5086773037910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-developer","display_name":"Game Developer","score":0.4803808331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4763650894165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-art-design","display_name":"Game art design","score":0.4397045969963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game-design","display_name":"Video game design","score":0.436472624540329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metagaming","display_name":"Metagaming","score":0.43135306239128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4225991368293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.2691591680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-cooperative-game","display_name":"Non-cooperative game","score":0.19217678904533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.13136473298072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-game","display_name":"Simultaneous game","score":0.08654871582984924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7207722663879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6204111576080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.6141878962516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.6126163601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170828538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751513","display_name":"Game mechanics","level":2,"score":0.5985695123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.5601027607917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.5086773037910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41826821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844005","display_name":"Game Developer","level":3,"score":0.4803808331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4763650894165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80646779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5519919","display_name":"Game art design","level":4,"score":0.4397045969963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47187476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12336660","display_name":"Video game design","level":3,"score":0.436472624540329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25796384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822514","display_name":"Metagaming","level":5,"score":0.43135306239128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4225991368293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2691591680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47175762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13422573","display_name":"Non-cooperative game","level":3,"score":0.19217678904533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.13136473298072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95940807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12237274","display_name":"Simultaneous game","level":4,"score":0.08654871582984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10512124","https://openalex.org/W32051147","https://openalex.org/W85875000","https://openalex.org/W103599637","https://openalex.org/W114769236","https://openalex.org/W137305461","https://openalex.org/W161555447","https://openalex.org/W188026565","https://openalex.org/W195934925","https://openalex.org/W283812555","https://openalex.org/W586774663","https://openalex.org/W606509746","https://openalex.org/W608658582","https://openalex.org/W619999426","https://openalex.org/W630244727","https://openalex.org/W1132321925","https://openalex.org/W1511827303","https://openalex.org/W1512128027","https://openalex.org/W1522206658","https://openalex.org/W1527994979","https://openalex.org/W1544896630","https://openalex.org/W1559459947","https://openalex.org/W1579401222","https://openalex.org/W1603545804","https://openalex.org/W1611115195","https://openalex.org/W1787442784","https://openalex.org/W1792398554","https://openalex.org/W1967911754","https://openalex.org/W1972888601","https://openalex.org/W1979917218","https://openalex.org/W1986755057","https://openalex.org/W2012878053","https://openalex.org/W2018030857","https://openalex.org/W2035683813","https://openalex.org/W2046466923","https://openalex.org/W2049080106","https://openalex.org/W2069444165","https://openalex.org/W2108682032","https://openalex.org/W2112043390","https://openalex.org/W2112118808","https://openalex.org/W2112456161","https://openalex.org/W2116669853","https://openalex.org/W2117298058","https://openalex.org/W2118028783","https://openalex.org/W2127941445","https://openalex.org/W2135338976","https://openalex.org/W2136575111","https://openalex.org/W2138393259","https://openalex.org/W2140205964","https://openalex.org/W2167919560","https://openalex.org/W2269134286","https://openalex.org/W2312118373","https://openalex.org/W2397127397","https://openalex.org/W2407734269","https://openalex.org/W2481953768","https://openalex.org/W2511901496","https://openalex.org/W2562661769","https://openalex.org/W2621788152","https://openalex.org/W2797816625","https://openalex.org/W2798823267","https://openalex.org/W2967005909","https://openalex.org/W4231042348","https://openalex.org/W4235257119","https://openalex.org/W4235808493","https://openalex.org/W4256052170","https://openalex.org/W4300433658","https://openalex.org/W4387029311","https://openalex.org/W6604253520","https://openalex.org/W6630640431","https://openalex.org/W6632573054","https://openalex.org/W6714317717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583852935","https://openalex.org/W4294947912","https://openalex.org/W4207081595","https://openalex.org/W2130088927","https://openalex.org/W2386360935","https://openalex.org/W4231050501","https://openalex.org/W4311459595","https://openalex.org/W1583302349","https://openalex.org/W2488706709","https://openalex.org/W4285034860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"seen":[3],"a":[4,25,64,115],"rapid":[5],"proliferation":[6],"of":[7,28,83,117,122],"mass-market":[8],"consumer":[9],"software":[10],"that":[11,96],"takes":[12],"inspiration":[13],"from":[14],"video":[15],"games.":[16],"Usually":[17],"summarized":[18],"as":[19,40,119],"\"gamification\",":[20],"this":[21,74],"trend":[22],"connects":[23],"to":[24,59,69,88,106],"sizeable":[26],"body":[27],"existing":[29],"concepts":[30],"and":[31,36,67,79,90],"research":[32],"in":[33,73,86,126],"human-computer":[34],"interaction":[35],"game":[37,123],"studies,":[38],"such":[39],"serious":[41],"games,":[42,44,47],"pervasive":[43],"alternate":[45],"reality":[46],"or":[48],"playful":[49,107],"design.":[50],"However,":[51],"it":[52,62],"is":[53,94],"not":[54],"clear":[55],"how":[56,68],"\"gamification\"":[57,78,118],"relates":[58],"these,":[60],"whether":[61],"denotes":[63],"novel":[65],"phenomenon,":[66],"define":[70],"it.":[71],"Thus,":[72],"paper":[75],"we":[76,113],"investigate":[77],"the":[80,84,120],"historical":[81],"origins":[82],"term":[85],"relation":[87],"precursors":[89],"similar":[91],"concepts.":[92],"It":[93],"suggested":[95],"\"gamified\"":[97],"applications":[98],"provide":[99],"insight":[100],"into":[101],"novel,":[102],"gameful":[103],"phenomena":[104],"complementary":[105],"phenomena.":[108],"Based":[109],"on":[110],"our":[111],"research,":[112],"propose":[114],"definition":[116],"use":[121],"design":[124],"elements":[125],"non-game":[127],"contexts.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":205},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1011},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":821},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":750},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":630},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":716},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":590},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":559},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":533},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":479},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":414},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":395},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":294},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":153},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":33}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
