{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989850654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168836.2168866","title":"CheapBFT","display_name":"CheapBFT","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989850654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168836.2168866","mag":"1989850654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2168836.2168866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168836.2168866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075120903","display_name":"R\u00fcdiger Kapitza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8116-7763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R\u00fcdiger Kapitza","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","[TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053523426","display_name":"Johannes Behl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Behl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054120489","display_name":"Christian Cachin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Cachin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Zurich, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Zurich, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052579326","display_name":"Tobias Distler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-5366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Distler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035763474","display_name":"Simon Kuhnle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Kuhnle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103919393","display_name":"Seyed Vahid Mohammadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Vahid Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078254306","display_name":"Wolfgang Schr\u00f6der\u2010Preikschat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Schr\u00f6der-Preikschat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080318807","display_name":"Klaus Stengel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Stengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98668979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"295","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.8584681749343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7808828353881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replica","display_name":"Replica","score":0.6806489825248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing-base","display_name":"Trusted computing base","score":0.5535076260566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5340114235877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5050173401832581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4785768985748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.465164452791214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.46209636330604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4328063130378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19105321168899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.09817111492156982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.8584681749343872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7808828353881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.6806489825248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147346212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492632","display_name":"Trusted computing base","level":4,"score":0.5535076260566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5340114235877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5050173401832581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4785768985748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.465164452791214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.46209636330604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4328063130378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19105321168899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.09817111492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2168836.2168866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168836.2168866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6340396","https://openalex.org/W15308973","https://openalex.org/W192446467","https://openalex.org/W1519889149","https://openalex.org/W1525776992","https://openalex.org/W1698117324","https://openalex.org/W1729172517","https://openalex.org/W1965159636","https://openalex.org/W1974069264","https://openalex.org/W1983317504","https://openalex.org/W2020593266","https://openalex.org/W2022582229","https://openalex.org/W2022742564","https://openalex.org/W2029529406","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2080211983","https://openalex.org/W2100487606","https://openalex.org/W2100678175","https://openalex.org/W2103178123","https://openalex.org/W2106797866","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2116021422","https://openalex.org/W2121510533","https://openalex.org/W2122142939","https://openalex.org/W2125007280","https://openalex.org/W2126789306","https://openalex.org/W2128356562","https://openalex.org/W2133777451","https://openalex.org/W2139365775","https://openalex.org/W2151426692","https://openalex.org/W2181804807","https://openalex.org/W2294934895","https://openalex.org/W2400268942","https://openalex.org/W2914563499","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W4240948426","https://openalex.org/W6697509271","https://openalex.org/W6712779818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013979739","https://openalex.org/W2655578171","https://openalex.org/W2577913821","https://openalex.org/W2953070151","https://openalex.org/W2376659527","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W2949171548","https://openalex.org/W4214672453","https://openalex.org/W2012215169","https://openalex.org/W1989850654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,39,79],"the":[2,36,68,89],"main":[3],"reasons":[4],"why":[5],"Byzantine":[6],"fault-tolerant":[7],"(BFT)":[8],"systems":[9,74],"are":[10,22],"not":[11],"widely":[12],"used":[13],"lies":[14],"in":[15],"their":[16],"high":[17,103],"resource":[18],"consumption:":[19],"3f+1":[20],"replicas":[21,40,59,80],"necessary":[23],"to":[24,34,41,57],"tolerate":[25],"only":[26],"f":[27],"faults.":[28],"Recent":[29],"works":[30],"have":[31],"been":[32,65],"able":[33],"reduce":[35],"minimum":[37],"number":[38],"2f+1":[42],"by":[43],"relying":[44],"on":[45,70],"a":[46,51,77,109],"trusted":[47,90,111],"subsystem":[48],"that":[49,98],"prevents":[50],"replica":[52],"from":[53],"making":[54],"conflicting":[55],"statements":[56],"other":[58],"without":[60],"being":[61],"detected.":[62],"Nevertheless,":[63],"having":[64],"designed":[66],"with":[67,108],"focus":[69],"fault":[71],"handling,":[72],"these":[73],"still":[75],"employ":[76],"majority":[78],"during":[81],"normal-case":[82],"operation":[83],"for":[84,96],"seemingly":[85],"redundant":[86],"work.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"subsystems":[91],"available":[92],"trade":[93],"off":[94],"performance":[95],"security;":[97],"is,":[99],"they":[100,106],"either":[101],"achieve":[102],"throughput":[104],"or":[105],"come":[107],"small":[110],"computing":[112],"base.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}