{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018074140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168584","title":"Permutation test for groups of scanpaths using normalized Levenshtein distances and application in NMR questions","display_name":"Permutation test for groups of scanpaths using normalized Levenshtein distances and application in NMR questions","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018074140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168584","mag":"2018074140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2168556.2168584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168584","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024350063","display_name":"Hui Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8856-9127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017740601","display_name":"Joseph J. Topczewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9921-5102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph J. Topczewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035220076","display_name":"Anna M. Topczewski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna M. Topczewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040552225","display_name":"Norbert J. Pienta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert J. Pienta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8857295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"169","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12327","display_name":"Various Chemistry Research Topics","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12327","display_name":"Various Chemistry Research Topics","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.7913534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levenshtein-distance","display_name":"Levenshtein distance","score":0.6699909567832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4960711896419525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-difference","display_name":"Significant difference","score":0.4651758372783661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.4306839108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4303121566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3949124217033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.38063013553619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3769330680370331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32060664892196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.21416819095611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.17339888215065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16907912492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14441728591918945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.7913534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496939","display_name":"Levenshtein distance","level":2,"score":0.6699909567832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4960711896419525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.4651758372783661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.4306839108467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4303121566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3949124217033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38063013553619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3769330680370331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32060664892196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21416819095611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17339888215065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16907912492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14441728591918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2168556.2168584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168584","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5589018237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUE CCLI 06-18600DUE CCLI 08-17279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","funder_display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02kd4km72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W370074924","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1967631642","https://openalex.org/W1971215949","https://openalex.org/W1978051655","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2014551404","https://openalex.org/W2047142101","https://openalex.org/W2051492285","https://openalex.org/W2061042963","https://openalex.org/W2078799042","https://openalex.org/W2095006613","https://openalex.org/W2115372118","https://openalex.org/W2140277155","https://openalex.org/W2144751786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062065656","https://openalex.org/W37654593","https://openalex.org/W2126190393","https://openalex.org/W2019944300","https://openalex.org/W1991207010","https://openalex.org/W2036093426","https://openalex.org/W2024806371","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2008096689","https://openalex.org/W1997544838","https://openalex.org/W1995584159","https://openalex.org/W1512287614","https://openalex.org/W2163429104","https://openalex.org/W2071486909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,28],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,33,108],"permutation":[4,113],"test":[5,14],"that":[6,75,103,116],"statistically":[7],"compares":[8],"two":[9,39,67],"groups":[10,40],"of":[11,22,41,95],"scanpaths.":[12],"The":[13],"uses":[15],"normalized":[16],"Levenshtein":[17],"distances":[18],"when":[19],"the":[20,26,53,58,66,73,78,87,90,100,117],"lengths":[21],"scanpaths":[23],"are":[24],"not":[25,121],"same.":[27],"method":[29],"was":[30,63,120],"applied":[31],"in":[32,37,77,86,107],"recent":[34],"eye-tracking":[35],"experiment":[36,88],"which":[38,69],"chemistry":[42],"students":[43,76],"viewed":[44],"nuclear":[45],"magnetic":[46],"resonance":[47],"(NMR)":[48],"spectroscopic":[49],"signals":[50],"and":[51,99,115],"chose":[52],"corresponding":[54],"molecular":[55],"structure":[56],"from":[57],"candidates.":[59],"A":[60],"significant":[61],"difference":[62],"detected":[64],"between":[65],"groups,":[68],"is":[70],"consistent":[71],"with":[72,111],"fact":[74],"expert":[79],"group":[80],"showed":[81,102],"more":[82],"efficient":[83],"scan":[84],"patterns":[85],"than":[89],"novice":[91],"group.":[92],"Various":[93],"numbers":[94,114],"permutations":[96],"were":[97],"tested":[98],"results":[101],"p-values":[104],"only":[105],"varied":[106],"small":[109],"range":[110],"different":[112],"statistical":[118],"significance":[119],"affected.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}