{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2111760158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157182","title":"Modeling how students learn to program","display_name":"Modeling how students learn to program","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2111760158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157182","mag":"2111760158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2157136.2157182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157182","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM technical symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074969309","display_name":"Chris Piech","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-0467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Piech","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054695014","display_name":"Mehran Sahami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Sahami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051658526","display_name":"Daphne Koller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-6479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daphne Koller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110117578","display_name":"Steve Cooper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065614058","display_name":"Paulo Blikstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-1088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Blikstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.6981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":200,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99631311,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"153","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7151495218276978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6837051510810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6073218584060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.34559816122055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3252699375152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32464051246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10538327693939209}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7151495218276978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6837051510810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6073218584060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34559816122055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3252699375152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32464051246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10538327693939209}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2157136.2157182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157182","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM technical symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.716.5029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.716.5029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://stanford.edu/%7Ecpiech/bio/papers/modelingHowStudentsLearn.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134713021","https://openalex.org/W1493454437","https://openalex.org/W1495624430","https://openalex.org/W1497393863","https://openalex.org/W1510707583","https://openalex.org/W1522895577","https://openalex.org/W1528620860","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1602438087","https://openalex.org/W1615097079","https://openalex.org/W1970222036","https://openalex.org/W1988574803","https://openalex.org/W1996764654","https://openalex.org/W2029656747","https://openalex.org/W2043539602","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2071201688","https://openalex.org/W2074197417","https://openalex.org/W2074231493","https://openalex.org/W2085377522","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2112320508","https://openalex.org/W2132875213","https://openalex.org/W2143375610","https://openalex.org/W2145300534","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2294064749","https://openalex.org/W2465080433","https://openalex.org/W2999729612","https://openalex.org/W3005934720","https://openalex.org/W4241122026","https://openalex.org/W4242446486","https://openalex.org/W6629400962","https://openalex.org/W6629874368","https://openalex.org/W6636539745","https://openalex.org/W6679651670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231937131","https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W323219885","https://openalex.org/W2063928587","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W1487966966","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W1589342014","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W2901074640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,77],"potential":[2],"wealth":[3],"of":[4,46,67],"educational":[5],"indicators":[6],"expressed":[7],"in":[8,25,49,76],"a":[9,33,43,56],"student's":[10],"approach":[11],"to":[12,40],"homework":[13,57],"assignments,":[14],"how":[15,47],"students":[16,48,69],"arrive":[17],"at":[18],"their":[19],"final":[20],"solution":[21],"is":[22,65],"largely":[23],"overlooked":[24],"university":[26],"courses.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,63],"paper":[30],"we":[31],"present":[32],"methodology":[34],"which":[35,68],"uses":[36],"machine":[37],"learning":[38],"techniques":[39],"autonomously":[41],"create":[42],"graphical":[44],"model":[45,64],"an":[50],"introductory":[51],"programming":[52],"course":[53],"progress":[54],"through":[55],"assignment.":[58],"We":[59],"subsequently":[60],"show":[61],"that":[62],"predictive":[66],"will":[70],"struggle":[71],"with":[72],"material":[73],"presented":[74],"later":[75],"class.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}