{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983701812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145377","title":"Collaboration in open-source hardware","display_name":"Collaboration in open-source hardware","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983701812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145377","mag":"1983701812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2145204.2145377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023149773","display_name":"David A. Mellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Mellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027500559","display_name":"Leah Buechley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-2761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leah Buechley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023149773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96149329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1175","last_page":"1178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-hardware","display_name":"Open source hardware","score":0.8428958654403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arduino","display_name":"Arduino","score":0.7790870666503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.7275887131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6110928058624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6109318733215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6045765280723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.5478619337081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4982621669769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4815438389778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-platform","display_name":"Open platform","score":0.4306715428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4262383282184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36227381229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35642173886299133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548595372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159172","display_name":"Open source hardware","level":4,"score":0.8428958654403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136501162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175957","display_name":"Arduino","level":2,"score":0.7790870666503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.7275887131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6110928058624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6109318733215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6045765280723572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.5478619337081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4982621669769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4815438389778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108383078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7096399","display_name":"Open platform","level":3,"score":0.4306715428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4262383282184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36227381229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35642173886299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2145204.2145377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998077968","https://openalex.org/W2041273248","https://openalex.org/W2090351970","https://openalex.org/W3124620852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094040316","https://openalex.org/W4286521395","https://openalex.org/W2762008035","https://openalex.org/W2005611177","https://openalex.org/W4308027197","https://openalex.org/W3175138503","https://openalex.org/W4386954932","https://openalex.org/W2056828497","https://openalex.org/W2182662124","https://openalex.org/W4319870556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"looks":[2],"at":[3],"collaboration":[4,94],"in":[5],"open-source":[6,47,61],"hardware:":[7],"physical":[8],"goods":[9],"whose":[10],"digital":[11],"design":[12],"files":[13],"are":[14],"shared":[15],"for":[16,78,87],"others":[17],"to":[18],"make":[19],"or":[20],"modify.":[21],"Through":[22],"research":[23],"into":[24],"nine":[25],"variations":[26],"on":[27],"the":[28,42,84,90],"Arduino":[29],"Duemilanove":[30],"(an":[31],"electronic":[32],"circuit":[33],"board)":[34],"and":[35,44,89],"interviews":[36],"with":[37],"their":[38],"developers,":[39],"we":[40],"explore":[41],"process":[43],"outcome":[45],"of":[46,59,92],"hardware":[48],"development.":[49],"We":[50,73],"find":[51],"a":[52,70],"structure":[53],"that":[54,58],"differs":[55],"substantially":[56],"from":[57],"most":[60],"software":[62,93],"projects,":[63],"involving":[64],"many":[65],"small-scale":[66],"collaborations":[67],"rather":[68],"than":[69],"centralized":[71],"process.":[72],"discuss":[74],"three":[75],"possible":[76],"reasons":[77],"this":[79],"structure:":[80],"differing":[81],"component":[82],"selections,":[83],"investment":[85],"required":[86],"prototyping,":[88],"lack":[91],"tools.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
