{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089448621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2133375.2133377","title":"Return-Oriented Programming","display_name":"Return-Oriented Programming","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089448621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2133375.2133377","mag":"2089448621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2133375.2133377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2133375.2133377","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2133375.2133377&file=a2-roemer_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2133375.2133377&file=a2-roemer_appendix.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013754344","display_name":"Ryan Roemer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Roemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027233139","display_name":"Erik Buchanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006975767","display_name":"Hovav Shacham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0225-8714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hovav Shacham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048394730","display_name":"Stefan Savage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-8029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Savage","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.1316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":505,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99853308,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8949160575866699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.596310555934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x86","display_name":"x86","score":0.5948854684829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.5948339700698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.48877498507499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/address-space","display_name":"Address space","score":0.4807305335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.43348538875579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-analysis","display_name":"Control flow analysis","score":0.42518073320388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.3858032822608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3565370440483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.191173255443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.1861305832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/declarative-programming","display_name":"Declarative programming","score":0.15429848432540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15294316411018372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8949160575866699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.596310555934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170723468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933","display_name":"x86","level":3,"score":0.5948854684829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5948339700698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.48877498507499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144240696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367204","display_name":"Address space","level":2,"score":0.4807305335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.43348538875579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176359209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348963","display_name":"Control flow analysis","level":5,"score":0.42518073320388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.3858032822608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3565370440483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.191173255443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.1861305832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146206909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531152","display_name":"Declarative programming","level":4,"score":0.15429848432540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15294316411018372}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2133375.2133377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2133375.2133377","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2133375.2133377&file=a2-roemer_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2133375.2133377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2133375.2133377","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2133375.2133377&file=a2-roemer_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6048788544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0433668CNS-0831532","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173413620","https://openalex.org/W1502612012","https://openalex.org/W1515653707","https://openalex.org/W1542906860","https://openalex.org/W1587340728","https://openalex.org/W1592300071","https://openalex.org/W1598047736","https://openalex.org/W1655226010","https://openalex.org/W1982829328","https://openalex.org/W1984187936","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2021806553","https://openalex.org/W2027963645","https://openalex.org/W2098010707","https://openalex.org/W2099382052","https://openalex.org/W2102970979","https://openalex.org/W2104932676","https://openalex.org/W2121468041","https://openalex.org/W2123436168","https://openalex.org/W2141389113","https://openalex.org/W2148686658","https://openalex.org/W2153256720","https://openalex.org/W2156375130","https://openalex.org/W2159059513","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2170992734","https://openalex.org/W2183964736","https://openalex.org/W2296616300","https://openalex.org/W2911819491","https://openalex.org/W2912512435","https://openalex.org/W2978757628","https://openalex.org/W3210725047","https://openalex.org/W4243013262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098744509","https://openalex.org/W2192862863","https://openalex.org/W1497385637","https://openalex.org/W2369288331","https://openalex.org/W2044422526","https://openalex.org/W2519339279","https://openalex.org/W2467097043","https://openalex.org/W2086733238","https://openalex.org/W2004605222","https://openalex.org/W2801641331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"introduce":[1],"return-oriented":[2,29,122,152,162],"programming":[3,52,85],",":[4],"a":[5,16,39,48,72,126,156,165],"technique":[6],"by":[7,59,109],"which":[8,45],"an":[9,97],"attacker":[10],"can":[11,68],"induce":[12],"arbitrary":[13],"behavior":[14],"in":[15,38,47,64],"program":[17,30],"whose":[18],"control":[19],"flow":[20],"he":[21],"has":[22],"diverted,":[23],"without":[24],"injecting":[25],"any":[26],"code.":[27,115],"A":[28],"chains":[31],"together":[32],"short":[33],"instruction":[34],"sequences":[35],"already":[36],"present":[37,155],"program\u2019s":[40],"address":[41],"space,":[42],"each":[43],"of":[44,74,100,113,121,129,139,151],"ends":[46],"\u201creturn\u201d":[49],"instruction.":[50],"Return-oriented":[51,84],"defeats":[53],"the":[54,79,111,118,135,149],"W\u2295X":[55],"protections":[56],"recently":[57],"deployed":[58],"Microsoft,":[60],"Intel,":[61],"and":[62,92,145,164],"AMD;":[63],"this":[65],"context,":[66],"it":[67,169],"be":[69],"seen":[70],"as":[71],"generalization":[73],"traditional":[75],"return-into-libc":[76],"attacks.":[77],"But":[78],"threat":[80],"is":[81,86],"more":[82],"general.":[83],"readily":[87],"exploitable":[88],"on":[89],"multiple":[90],"architectures":[91],"systems.":[93],"It":[94],"also":[95],"bypasses":[96],"entire":[98],"category":[99],"security":[101],"measures---those":[102],"that":[103,167],"seek":[104],"to":[105,170],"prevent":[106],"malicious":[107,114],"computation":[108],"preventing":[110],"execution":[112],"To":[116,147],"demonstrate":[117,148],"wide":[119],"applicability":[120],"programming,":[123,153],"we":[124,154],"construct":[125],"Turing-complete":[127],"set":[128],"building":[130],"blocks":[131],"called":[132],"gadgets":[133],"using":[134],"standard":[136],"C":[137],"libraries":[138],"two":[140],"very":[141],"different":[142],"architectures:":[143],"Linux/x86":[144],"Solaris/SPARC.":[146],"power":[150],"high-level,":[157],"general-purpose":[158],"language":[159],"for":[160],"describing":[161],"exploits":[163],"compiler":[166],"translates":[168],"gadgets.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}