{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100960835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2090236.2090255","title":"Fairness through awareness","display_name":"Fairness through awareness","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100960835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2090236.2090255","mag":"2100960835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2090236.2090255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2090236.2090255","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011820318","display_name":"Cynthia Dwork","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-3738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Dwork","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research S. V., Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research S. V., Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039915143","display_name":"Moritz Hardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7694-3038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Hardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Almaden, San Jose, CA","IBM Research -- Almaden, San Jose, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Almaden, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research -- Almaden, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003318200","display_name":"Toniann Pitassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-2174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toniann Pitassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, ON, Canada","University of Toronto, ON, Canada,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, ON, Canada,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086367709","display_name":"Omer Reingold","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Reingold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research S. V., Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research S. V., Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000111344","display_name":"Richard S. Zemel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-7509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Zemel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011820318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.6872,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3296,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99286864,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"214","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.611657440662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5431879758834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.5015761852264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness-measure","display_name":"Fairness measure","score":0.4852878749370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4672066569328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4231989085674286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3727707266807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33858397603034973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.611657440662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5431879758834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.5015761852264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11867375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5430671","display_name":"Fairness measure","level":4,"score":0.4852878749370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4672066569328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4231989085674286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3727707266807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33858397603034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2090236.2090255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2090236.2090255","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.47999998927116394},{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178579835","https://openalex.org/W632002811","https://openalex.org/W1599656298","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1905029509","https://openalex.org/W1966340639","https://openalex.org/W1978593916","https://openalex.org/W1986948282","https://openalex.org/W1992678640","https://openalex.org/W1993116423","https://openalex.org/W1996540180","https://openalex.org/W2061130579","https://openalex.org/W2071247529","https://openalex.org/W2085427378","https://openalex.org/W2127508398","https://openalex.org/W2141902405","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W3124088714","https://openalex.org/W4236693084","https://openalex.org/W4241226388","https://openalex.org/W6818369698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121380072","https://openalex.org/W2058403539","https://openalex.org/W2333615638","https://openalex.org/W2602311653","https://openalex.org/W2964230772","https://openalex.org/W2768231286","https://openalex.org/W2973958681","https://openalex.org/W2942793592","https://openalex.org/W2409976527","https://openalex.org/W4306295165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,91],"study":[1],"fairness":[2,83,147,151],"in":[3,27,158],"classification,":[4],"where":[5],"individuals":[6,22,63,87,119,136],"are":[7,64,88,123],"classified,":[8],"e.g.,":[9],"admitted":[10],"to":[11,18,61,68,81,99,148,167],"a":[12,46,53],"university,":[13],"and":[14,154],"the":[15,34,59,69,82,101,113,116,124,127,130,144,159],"goal":[16,103],"is":[17,45],"prevent":[19],"discrimination":[20],"against":[21],"based":[23],"on":[24],"their":[25],"membership":[26],"some":[28],"group,":[29],"while":[30,133],"maintaining":[31],"utility":[32,79],"for":[33,48,57,77],"classifier":[35],"(the":[36],"university).":[37],"The":[38],"main":[39],"conceptual":[40],"contribution":[41],"of":[42,96,104,115,118,129,146,161],"this":[43],"paper":[44],"framework":[47],"fair":[49],"classification":[50,70,122],"comprising":[51],"(1)":[52],"(hypothetical)":[54],"task-specific":[55],"metric":[56],"determining":[58],"degree":[60],"which":[62,108],"similar":[65,86,135],"with":[66],"respect":[67],"task":[71],"at":[72],"hand;":[73],"(2)":[74],"an":[75,94],"algorithm":[76],"maximizing":[78],"subject":[80],"constraint,":[84],"that":[85],"treated":[89],"similarly.":[90],"also":[92],"present":[93],"adaptation":[95],"our":[97],"approach":[98],"achieve":[100],"complementary":[102],"\"fair":[105],"affirmative":[106],"action,\"":[107],"guarantees":[109],"statistical":[110],"parity":[111],"(i.e.,":[112],"demographics":[114,128],"set":[117],"receiving":[120],"any":[121],"same":[125],"as":[126,137,139],"underlying":[131],"population),":[132],"treating":[134],"similarly":[138],"possible.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"we":[142],"discuss":[143],"relationship":[145],"privacy:":[149],"when":[150],"implies":[152],"privacy,":[153],"how":[155],"tools":[156],"developed":[157],"context":[160],"differential":[162],"privacy":[163],"may":[164],"be":[165],"applied":[166],"fairness.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":395},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":413},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":506},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":408},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":505},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":387},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":314},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":144},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}