{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028849308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078835","title":"Shoulder surfing defence for recall-based graphical passwords","display_name":"Shoulder surfing defence for recall-based graphical passwords","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028849308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078835","mag":"2028849308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2078827.2078835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070813056","display_name":"Nur Haryani Zakaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-1307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nur Haryani Zakaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University, UK","Newcastle University , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036203934","display_name":"David Griffiths","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6863-2456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Griffiths","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University, UK","Newcastle University , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084265393","display_name":"Sacha Brostoff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sacha Brostoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100864308","display_name":"Jeff Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0659-6776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University, UK and Chinese University of Hong Kong","Newcastle University, UK and Chinese University of Hong Kong#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK and Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, UK and Chinese University of Hong Kong#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070813056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.8759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99092605,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12553","display_name":"Psychedelics and Drug Studies","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9410197734832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8175067901611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7366867065429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5955690145492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.591144323348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.47371906042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.46872270107269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4667159914970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.4175029397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41044747829437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3722440004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.3390522599220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32973647117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.29597797989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06917431950569153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9410197734832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8175067901611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7366867065429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5955690145492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.591144323348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.47371906042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.46872270107269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4667159914970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.4175029397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41044747829437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3722440004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.3390522599220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32973647117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.29597797989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06917431950569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2078827.2078835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:500833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078835>).","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.207.7768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.7768","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/soups/2011/proceedings/a6_Zakaria.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:77697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/77697/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32836389","https://openalex.org/W183950438","https://openalex.org/W652269645","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1899068036","https://openalex.org/W1921097329","https://openalex.org/W2016453004","https://openalex.org/W2019017059","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2046378201","https://openalex.org/W2046616910","https://openalex.org/W2078483465","https://openalex.org/W2085592842","https://openalex.org/W2100783932","https://openalex.org/W2108525321","https://openalex.org/W2111465783","https://openalex.org/W2115034095","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2126453598","https://openalex.org/W2129088386","https://openalex.org/W2139094422","https://openalex.org/W2153305919","https://openalex.org/W2159335031","https://openalex.org/W2161032904","https://openalex.org/W2166689265","https://openalex.org/W2398802025","https://openalex.org/W2415515138","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W4248927948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W137322897","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W2203557291","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W3110679839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"passwords":[1,50],"are":[2],"often":[3],"considered":[4],"prone":[5],"to":[6,72,87,89,97,142,146],"shoulder-surfing":[7],"attacks,":[8],"where":[9,46],"attackers":[10],"can":[11],"steal":[12],"a":[13,54,128],"user's":[14],"password":[15,38,149],"by":[16],"peeking":[17],"over":[18],"his":[19],"or":[20],"her":[21],"shoulder":[22,32,61,107,121],"in":[23],"the":[24,80,104,132],"authentication":[25],"process.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"explore":[31],"surfing":[33,62,108,122],"defence":[34,63,123],"for":[35],"recall-based":[36],"graphical":[37,148],"systems":[39,150],"such":[40,151],"as":[41,152],"Draw-A-Secret":[42],"and":[43,65,76,124],"Background":[44],"Draw-A-Secret,":[45],"users":[47],"doodle":[48],"their":[49],"(i.e.":[51],"secrets)":[52],"on":[53],"drawing":[55],"grid.":[56],"We":[57],"propose":[58],"three":[59],"innovative":[60],"techniques,":[64],"conduct":[66],"two":[67,133],"separate":[68],"controlled":[69],"laboratory":[70],"experiments":[71],"evaluate":[73],"both":[74],"security":[75],"usability":[77,114,126],"perspectives":[78],"of":[79],"proposed":[81],"techniques.":[82],"One":[83,101],"technique":[84,102,118],"was":[85],"expected":[86],"work":[88],"some":[90,113],"extent":[91],"theoretically,":[92],"but":[93,110],"it":[94],"turned":[95],"out":[96],"provide":[98],"little":[99],"protection.":[100],"provided":[103],"best":[105],"overall":[106],"defence,":[109],"also":[111,144],"caused":[112],"challenges.":[115],"The":[116],"other":[117,134,147],"achieved":[119],"reasonable":[120],"good":[125,129],"simultaneously,":[127],"balance":[130],"which":[131],"techniques":[135],"did":[136],"not":[137],"achieve.":[138],"Our":[139],"results":[140],"appear":[141],"be":[143],"relevant":[145],"Pass-Go.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
