{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041373240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076732.2076754","title":"Facing the facts about image type in recognition-based graphical passwords","display_name":"Facing the facts about image type in recognition-based graphical passwords","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041373240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076732.2076754","mag":"2041373240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2076732.2076754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076732.2076754","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091310804","display_name":"Max Hlywa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Max Hlywa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010995209","display_name":"Robert Biddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-2705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Biddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111377517","display_name":"Andrew S. Patrick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University / Ottawa / Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091310804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97097909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7775894403457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7270591259002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7253878116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.720329999923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6461247205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5992444753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4989290237426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4967668652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.47387003898620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4567919075489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.44335469603538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.440067857503891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4104061722755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.3577309846878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3481634259223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33336544036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3106527328491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.23553314805030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17098331451416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.16142654418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12153342366218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.08560073375701904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7775894403457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7270591259002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7253878116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.720329999923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6461247205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5992444753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4989290237426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4967668652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.47387003898620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4567919075489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.44335469603538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.440067857503891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4104061722755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3577309846878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3481634259223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33336544036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3106527328491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.23553314805030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17098331451416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.16142654418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12153342366218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.08560073375701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2076732.2076754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076732.2076754","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95892887","https://openalex.org/W128619364","https://openalex.org/W571706490","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1503108337","https://openalex.org/W1835112993","https://openalex.org/W1970574950","https://openalex.org/W1980384741","https://openalex.org/W1986488765","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W1990451873","https://openalex.org/W1998408504","https://openalex.org/W1999149032","https://openalex.org/W2013250252","https://openalex.org/W2019111214","https://openalex.org/W2022872918","https://openalex.org/W2031626563","https://openalex.org/W2032734169","https://openalex.org/W2033396744","https://openalex.org/W2034834048","https://openalex.org/W2034966184","https://openalex.org/W2074551623","https://openalex.org/W2080601453","https://openalex.org/W2094953135","https://openalex.org/W2098841294","https://openalex.org/W2101790396","https://openalex.org/W2112767991","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2117268255","https://openalex.org/W2119545418","https://openalex.org/W2145765358","https://openalex.org/W2170089455","https://openalex.org/W2171133282","https://openalex.org/W2213306988","https://openalex.org/W2527715949","https://openalex.org/W4214501820","https://openalex.org/W4244109911","https://openalex.org/W4292552611","https://openalex.org/W4376595422","https://openalex.org/W6616162833","https://openalex.org/W6656570016","https://openalex.org/W6688887394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2183044514","https://openalex.org/W165936246","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W2417837167","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W181832734","https://openalex.org/W2085528593","https://openalex.org/W2181639618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"passwords":[1],"are":[2],"a":[3],"novel":[4],"method":[5],"of":[6,26,37,64,132],"knowledge-based":[7],"authentication":[8,39,137],"that":[9,22,101,129],"shows":[10],"promise":[11],"for":[12,50,73],"improved":[13],"usability":[14,36],"and":[15,72,87],"memorability.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"presents":[19],"two":[20],"studies":[21,99],"examined":[23],"the":[24,35,61,82,93,104,116,127,130,136],"effect":[25],"image":[27,79],"type":[28,80],"in":[29,103,115,135,141],"cognometric,":[30],"recognition-based":[31],"graphical":[32],"passwords.":[33,52],"Specifically,":[34],"such":[38],"schemes":[40],"was":[41,56,122],"explored":[42],"at":[43],"security":[44],"levels":[45],"equivalent":[46],"to":[47,59,67,110,125],"those":[48,114],"acceptable":[49],"text":[51],"Related":[53],"psychological":[54],"theory":[55],"drawn":[57],"upon":[58],"consider":[60],"relative":[62],"strength":[63],"visual":[65],"memory,":[66],"distinguish":[68],"recognition":[69,75],"from":[70,97],"recall,":[71],"face":[74,117,133],"by":[76],"humans.":[77],"With":[78],"as":[81,92],"independent":[83],"variable,":[84],"login":[85,88],"success":[86],"time":[89],"were":[90],"observed":[91],"dependent":[94],"variables.":[95],"Results":[96],"both":[98],"showed":[100],"participants":[102],"object":[105],"images":[106,118,134],"condition":[107],"performed":[108],"equal":[109],"or":[111],"better":[112],"than":[113],"condition.":[119],"Importantly,":[120],"there":[121],"no":[123],"evidence":[124],"support":[126],"claim":[128],"use":[131],"scheme":[138],"would":[139],"result":[140],"superior":[142],"user":[143],"performance.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}