{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997342364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2074712.2074783","title":"We need non-formal methods based on formal models in interaction design","display_name":"We need non-formal methods based on formal models in interaction design","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997342364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2074712.2074783","mag":"1997342364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2074712.2074783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2074712.2074783","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Steffen Hess","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098380","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00r1wdc11","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Hess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101619735","display_name":"Andreas Maier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-5284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098380","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00r1wdc11","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068822531","display_name":"Marcus Trapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-9584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098380","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00r1wdc11","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Trapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software, Engineering IESE, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE), Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"287","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.7749067544937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6704409718513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-systems-theory","display_name":"Grammar systems theory","score":0.6334999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.5840070843696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.5821769833564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refinement","display_name":"Refinement","score":0.5593664646148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-description","display_name":"Formal description","score":0.47625207901000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-concept-analysis","display_name":"Formal concept analysis","score":0.4673099219799042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-language","display_name":"Formal language","score":0.42115166783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.35911720991134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.34906846284866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3344300389289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2816926836967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18412238359451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10886350274085999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.7749067544937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6704409718513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500879282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593671","display_name":"Grammar systems theory","level":4,"score":0.6334999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.5840070843696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.5821769833564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14331664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3417382","display_name":"Refinement","level":3,"score":0.5593664646148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985583900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722617","display_name":"Formal description","level":2,"score":0.47625207901000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76363472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437394","display_name":"Formal concept analysis","level":2,"score":0.4673099219799042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.42115166783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35911720991134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34906846284866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3344300389289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2816926836967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18412238359451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10886350274085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69298649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045214","display_name":"Emergent grammar","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2074712.2074783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2074712.2074783","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-201598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-201598.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IESE","raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/295665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/295665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/372151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/372151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207752584","https://openalex.org/W1476417984","https://openalex.org/W1495782264","https://openalex.org/W1528027857","https://openalex.org/W1538821400","https://openalex.org/W2074410820","https://openalex.org/W2303413189","https://openalex.org/W2912944677","https://openalex.org/W3200788958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293103444","https://openalex.org/W2099450053","https://openalex.org/W4252746154","https://openalex.org/W3022086173","https://openalex.org/W190624231","https://openalex.org/W2395233645","https://openalex.org/W1921676103","https://openalex.org/W2053770586","https://openalex.org/W2914165450","https://openalex.org/W2008825044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivation":[0],"--":[1],"With":[2],"collaborative":[3],"interaction":[4],"design,":[5],"formal":[6,24,43],"models":[7,25,44],"have":[8],"to":[9,17,48],"be":[10,28],"used":[11],"by":[12],"expert":[13],"stakeholders":[14],"in":[15],"order":[16],"work":[18],"effectively":[19],"and":[20],"efficiently.":[21],"But":[22],"these":[23],"should":[26],"not":[27],"discussed":[29],"with":[30],"non-expert":[31,49],"stakeholders.":[32,50],"Therefore,":[33],"we":[34,46],"use":[35],"non-formal":[36],"methods":[37],"which":[38],"are":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41],"our":[42],"when":[45],"talk":[47]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}