{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129410131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2047196.2047214","title":"Creating contextual help for GUIs using screenshots","display_name":"Creating contextual help for GUIs using screenshots","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129410131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2047196.2047214","mag":"2129410131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2047196.2047214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2047196.2047214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2028pf3x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070687718","display_name":"Tom Yeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-9781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002765714","display_name":"Tsung\u2010Hsiang Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Hsiang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology; ,; Cambridge MA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology; ,; Cambridge MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071912894","display_name":"Bo Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7641-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031162962","display_name":"Greg Walsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-6612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059130819","display_name":"Ivan Watkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Watkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051520705","display_name":"Krist Wongsuphasawat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krist Wongsuphasawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071911638","display_name":"Man Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111454036","display_name":"Larry S. Davis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry S. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004824085","display_name":"Benjamin B. Bederson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-779X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin B. Bederson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070687718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94079726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"145","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8327348232269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7668873071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6319476962089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5939168334007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5014419555664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4896147847175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.431090384721756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.43012046813964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4188055396080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2764638662338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12940195202827454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8327348232269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7668873071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6319476962089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5939168334007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5014419555664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4896147847175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.431090384721756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.43012046813964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4188055396080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2764638662338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12940195202827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2047196.2047214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2047196.2047214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.222.7847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.222.7847","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://groups.csail.mit.edu/uid/other-pubs/uist2011-sikuli-guide.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/7259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/7259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2028pf3x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2028pf3x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2028pf3x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2028pf3x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306116","display_name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0pmy70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333452","display_name":"Interior Business Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105942870","https://openalex.org/W1937626426","https://openalex.org/W1969920297","https://openalex.org/W1988653051","https://openalex.org/W2010076961","https://openalex.org/W2014853711","https://openalex.org/W2034079000","https://openalex.org/W2041093489","https://openalex.org/W2042789323","https://openalex.org/W2044054519","https://openalex.org/W2044914864","https://openalex.org/W2055380454","https://openalex.org/W2057593084","https://openalex.org/W2062657340","https://openalex.org/W2066965916","https://openalex.org/W2078091018","https://openalex.org/W2088613107","https://openalex.org/W2092026779","https://openalex.org/W2097360199","https://openalex.org/W2106338250","https://openalex.org/W2109676148","https://openalex.org/W2111206978","https://openalex.org/W2112103637","https://openalex.org/W2115063264","https://openalex.org/W2122060742","https://openalex.org/W2141125339","https://openalex.org/W2141613588","https://openalex.org/W2148384385","https://openalex.org/W2157565521","https://openalex.org/W2158273930","https://openalex.org/W2158447593","https://openalex.org/W2171581899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389670110","https://openalex.org/W2187546663","https://openalex.org/W2429057255","https://openalex.org/W148745890","https://openalex.org/W2611942503","https://openalex.org/W2899790217","https://openalex.org/W1576092969","https://openalex.org/W4315621326","https://openalex.org/W2390396596","https://openalex.org/W2624709009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Contextual":[0],"help":[1,37,59],"is":[2],"effective":[3],"for":[4,57],"learning":[5],"how":[6],"to":[7,38,63,79,84],"use":[8],"GUIs":[9],"by":[10,127],"showing":[11],"instructions":[12],"and":[13,28,48,69,90,110],"highlights":[14],"on":[15,77],"the":[16,99,116,128],"actual":[17],"inter-":[18],"face":[19],"rather":[20],"than":[21],"in":[22],"a":[23,54,85,132],"separate":[24],"viewer.":[25],"However,":[26],"end-users":[27],"third-party":[29],"tech":[30,111,129],"support":[31,130],"typically":[32],"cannot":[33],"create":[34],"contex-":[35],"tual":[36],"assist":[39],"other":[40],"users":[41,62],"because":[42],"it":[43],"requires":[44],"program-":[45],"ming":[46],"skill":[47],"source":[49,94],"code":[50,95],"access.":[51,96],"We":[52,73,97,113],"present":[53],"creation":[55],"tool":[56,82,121],"contextual":[58],"that":[60],"allows":[61],"apply":[64],"common":[65],"computer":[66],"skills\u2014taking":[67],"screenshots":[68,78],"writing":[70],"simple":[71],"scripts.":[72],"perform":[74],"pixel":[75],"analysis":[76],"make":[80],"this":[81],"applicable":[83],"wide":[86],"range":[87],"of":[88,105,119,131],"applications":[89],"plat-":[91],"forms":[92],"without":[93],"evaluated":[98],"tool\u2019s":[100],"usability":[101],"with":[102,122],"three":[103],"groups":[104],"participants:":[106],"developers,":[107],"in-":[108],"structors,":[109],"support.":[112],"further":[114],"validated":[115],"ap-":[117],"plicability":[118],"our":[120],"60":[123],"real":[124],"tasks":[125],"supported":[126],"university":[133],"campus.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}