{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976486687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037594","title":"Examples of specialized legal metadata adapted to the digital environment, from the U.S. <i>code of federal regulations</i>","display_name":"Examples of specialized legal metadata adapted to the digital environment, from the U.S. <i>code of federal regulations</i>","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976486687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037594","mag":"1976486687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2037556.2037594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054170918","display_name":"Robert C. Richards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-1220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Richards","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA","University Of Washington (Seattle, WA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Washington (Seattle, WA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005738549","display_name":"Thomas R. Bruce","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","display_name":"Ithaca College","ror":"https://ror.org/01kw1gj07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas R. Bruce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Legal Information Institute, Myron Taylor Hall, Ithaca, NY","Legal Information Institute, Myron Taylor Hall, Ithaca, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Legal Information Institute, Myron Taylor Hall, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Legal Information Institute, Myron Taylor Hall, Ithaca, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054170918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22461185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.8369134664535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rdf","display_name":"RDF","score":0.78633713722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357356548309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.7089075446128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.6987619996070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markup-language","display_name":"Markup language","score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.5143460035324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48264771699905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.47810548543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4535653293132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.42604827880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3813185691833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3251933753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1680968999862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.14215663075447083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10471093654632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.8369134664535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147497476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54872","display_name":"RDF","level":3,"score":0.78633713722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357356548309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.7089075446128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.6987619996070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37045","display_name":"Markup language","level":3,"score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5143460035324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48264771699905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.47810548543930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4535653293132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.42604827880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3813185691833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3251933753490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1680968999862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.14215663075447083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10471093654632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2037556.2037594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112409481","https://openalex.org/W345989148","https://openalex.org/W1494764967","https://openalex.org/W1535532393","https://openalex.org/W1561558283","https://openalex.org/W1755017998","https://openalex.org/W1916032354","https://openalex.org/W1967906585","https://openalex.org/W1978138621","https://openalex.org/W1999236014","https://openalex.org/W2052161931","https://openalex.org/W2064943035","https://openalex.org/W2130271650","https://openalex.org/W2140279482","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2242915101","https://openalex.org/W2549774120","https://openalex.org/W2913475578","https://openalex.org/W3123632141","https://openalex.org/W6633553341","https://openalex.org/W6640185299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183692821","https://openalex.org/W4385386698","https://openalex.org/W4235354490","https://openalex.org/W2143258726","https://openalex.org/W2381082207","https://openalex.org/W2025266532","https://openalex.org/W2136793911","https://openalex.org/W1519732405","https://openalex.org/W1971521465","https://openalex.org/W2377737135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"print-based":[1],"U.":[2,63],"S.":[3,64],"legal":[4,20],"information":[5,34],"resources,":[6],"specialized":[7],"tools":[8,25,39],"that":[9],"link":[10],"discrete":[11],"types":[12],"of":[13,19,23,28,59,66,71,85],"metadata":[14],"substantially":[15],"improve":[16],"the":[17,32,90,102],"efficiency":[18],"research.":[21],"Many":[22],"these":[24],"could":[26],"be":[27,98],"considerable":[29],"utility":[30],"in":[31,43],"electronic":[33,103],"environment.":[35],"However,":[36],"many":[37],"such":[38,61,94],"require":[40],"thorough":[41],"redesign":[42],"order":[44],"to":[45,79,101],"make":[46],"them":[47],"optimally":[48],"usable":[49],"by":[50],"digital":[51],"systems.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54,91],"presents":[55],"a":[56,95],"case":[57],"study":[58],"one":[60],"tool---the":[62],"Code":[65],"Federal":[67],"Regulations'":[68],"Parallel":[69],"Table":[70],"Authorities":[72],"and":[73,87],"Rules,":[74],"which":[75],"links":[76],"each":[77],"statute":[78],"its":[80],"corresponding":[81],"regulations.":[82],"Through":[83],"examples":[84],"XML":[86],"RDF/OWL":[88],"markup,":[89],"shows":[92],"how":[93],"tool":[96],"might":[97],"adapted":[99],"successfully":[100],"domain.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}