{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098336345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2020408.2020416","title":"The mathematics of causal inference","display_name":"The mathematics of causal inference","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098336345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2020408.2020416","mag":"2098336345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2020408.2020416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2020408.2020416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108208924","display_name":"Judea Pearl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Judea Pearl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108208924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70343942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9499611854553223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.8077405691146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.7548344731330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6184859275817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5652361512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.5378263592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4764550030231476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4616130590438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.43716496229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4167454242706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4128156304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3928774297237396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2882643938064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2881624102592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27353575825691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.1793481409549713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9499611854553223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.8077405691146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.7548344731330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6184859275817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5652361512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.5378263592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4764550030231476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4616130590438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.43716496229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4167454242706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4128156304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3928774297237396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2882643938064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2881624102592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27353575825691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.1793481409549713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2020408.2020416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2020408.2020416","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501375624","https://openalex.org/W1528089658","https://openalex.org/W1568555062","https://openalex.org/W1576238869","https://openalex.org/W1673419196","https://openalex.org/W1797451617","https://openalex.org/W1889981489","https://openalex.org/W1921855215","https://openalex.org/W1987301751","https://openalex.org/W1992816730","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2049910836","https://openalex.org/W2062594082","https://openalex.org/W2078965693","https://openalex.org/W2079062180","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2152431454","https://openalex.org/W2415776998","https://openalex.org/W2964052841","https://openalex.org/W3098536600","https://openalex.org/W3133236490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056582926","https://openalex.org/W3137864021","https://openalex.org/W2162910442","https://openalex.org/W2079879923","https://openalex.org/W4200271736","https://openalex.org/W2104420793","https://openalex.org/W3017854570","https://openalex.org/W4243804444","https://openalex.org/W4280530714","https://openalex.org/W4372260129"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0],"will":[1],"review":[2],"concepts,":[3],"principles,":[4],"and":[5,16,29,38,47,52,71],"mathematical":[6],"tools":[7],"that":[8,43],"were":[9],"found":[10],"useful":[11],"in":[12,57],"applications":[13],"involving":[14],"causal":[15,66],"counterfactual":[17,48],"relationships.":[18],"This":[19],"semantical":[20],"framework,":[21],"enriched":[22],"with":[23],"a":[24,35],"few":[25],"ideas":[26],"from":[27,76],"logic":[28],"graph":[30],"theory,":[31],"gives":[32],"rise":[33],"to":[34,50,82],"complete,":[36],"coherent,":[37],"friendly":[39],"calculus":[40],"of":[41,59,65,74],"causation":[42,51],"unifies":[44],"the":[45,60,72,87],"graphical":[46],"approaches":[49],"resolves":[53],"many":[54],"long-standing":[55],"problems":[56],"several":[58],"sciences.":[61],"These":[62],"include":[63],"questions":[64],"effect":[67],"estimation,":[68],"policy":[69],"analysis,":[70],"integration":[73],"data":[75],"diverse":[77],"studies.":[78],"Of":[79],"special":[80],"interest":[81],"KDD":[83],"researchers":[84],"would":[85],"be":[86],"following":[88],"topics:":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}